L1: Muscle & Joint Basics (P1)

what is osteology

the study of bones which looks at..

• structure, functions, shape/classification, name, location

• explains the framework for movement

how many bones are in the adult skeleton

206 bones

what is the axial skeleton made of

1. skull

2. vertebrae

3. ribs

4. sternum

what is the appendicular skeleton made of

1. shoulder girdle (upper extremity → axial skeleton)

2. upper extremities

3. pelvic girdle (lower extremity → axial skeleton)

4. lower extremities

what is arthropology

the study of structure and the function of joints/articulations

• explains RoM, joint stability

what is kinesiology

the study of movement

• explains how and why movement occurs

what is myology

the study of muscles and tendons

• explains movement production, strength

what are long bones

bones that are long, slender

• that have a shaft (diaphysis), ends (epiphyses) and a marrow cavity

• acts as a lever for movement

• ex. femur, humerus, tibia

what are short bones

bones that are roughly cube-shaped

• mostly spongy bones w/ a thin compact bone covering

• acts as stability w/ limited movement

• ex. carpals (wrist), tarsals (ankle)

what are flat bones

bones that are thin, flat (and often slightly curved)

• consists of 2 layers of compact bone w/ spongey bone in between

• acts as protection for vital organs + muscle attachment

• ex. skull, sternum, ribs, scapula

what are irregular bones

bones that have complex shapes that do not fit other categories

• act as protection and specialized muscle attachment

• ex. spinal segments

what are sesamoid bones

bones that are small and embedded in tendons

• they form where a tendon crosses a joint

• act as protection for tendons from wear

• ex. patella (knee)

what is a condyle

a round protuberance

• that forms a joint w/ another bone

• ex. occipital condyles (skull-spine)

what is an epicondyle

a round protuberance (NOT ARTICULAR)

• acts as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments

• ex. medial epicondyle of humerus

what is a process

a small swelling

• for muscle, ligament attachment or articulation

• ex. spinous process, mastoid process

what is a tubercle

a small projection

• for muscle or ligament attachment

• ex. pubic tubercle

what is a tuberosity

a large, rough projection

• for strong muscle or tendon attachment

• ex. ischial tuberosity, gluteal tuberosity

what is a trochanter

a very large projection

• for major muscle attachment

• only on the femur

what is a linea/line

a thin bony edge

• on the upper portion of the bone

• for muscle attachment

• ex. linea aspera, intertrochanteric line

what is a spine

a sharp projection

• for ligament or muscle attachment

• ex. ischial spine, ASIS/PSIS

what is a crest

a ridge of bone

• for broad muscle attachment

• ex. iliac crest, intertrochanteric crest

what is a fossa

a shallow depression or hollow

• ex. iliac fossa

what is a groove/sulcus

a small crevices

• guides/houses a tendon, N, or BV

• ex. intertubercular groove of humerous

what is a foramen/canal

a hole in a bony region

• often a passage for N and BV

• ex. obturator foramen, foramen magnum

what is a notch

an indentation

• on the edge of the bone

• often becomes a foramen when bridged by a ligament

• ex. GSN, LSN

definition of supine/prone

1. supine - lying face up

2. prone - lying face down

definition of anterior/ventral

the front side

definition of posterior/dorsal

the back side

definition of cranial/caudal

1. cranial - towards the head

2. caudal - towards the tail

definition of superior/inferior

1. superior - higher level

2. inferior - lower level

definition of proximal/distal

1. proximal - towards an attached point

2. distal - away from an attached point

definition of medial/lateral

1. medial - towards midline

2. lateral - away from midline

what are the planes

1. coronal plane - front/back halves

2. sagittal plane - R/L halves

3. transverse plane - sup/inf halves

what are the axises

1. longitudinal axis - passes through long bones (along their length)

2. sagittal axis - passes through joint (from front to back)

3. frontal axis - passes through joint (from side to side)

how does movement of limbs/body occur

in a plane and around an axis of rotation

how is movement produced

by muscle pull

what is movement guided by

the shape of joint surfaces and what muscles are activated at the time

what is movement limited by

ligamentous (as they resist movement) and bony structures or tissue approximation

what is abduction/adduction

movement around the sagittal axis (front/back) and in a coronal plane (front/back)

1. abduction - away

2. adduction - toward

what is flexion/extension

movement around the coronal axis (side) and in a sagittal plane (side)

1. flexion - decreases

2. extension - increases

what is int/ext rotation

movement around the longitudinal axis and in a transverse plane (sup/inf)

what is circumduction

a combination of..

• flexion, abduction, extension and adduction

what is protraction/retraction

moving a part of the body anteriorly (for protraction) or posteriorly (for retraction)

• in the horizontal plane

what is opposition

the pad-to-pad contact of thumb and fingers

what is elevation/depression

to move a structure in a superior (for elevation) or inferior (for depression) direction

what is eversion/inversion

turning the sole of the food outwards (for eversion) or inwards (for inversion)