Music describes a mood or feeling of the atmosphere
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Composers of Impressionism
Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel
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Characteristics of Serialism
12-tonal system used for compositions, atonal sound
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Composers of Serialism
Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern, Igor Stravinsky
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Characteristics of Primitivism
elevation of rhythm by shifting patterns and accents
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Composers of Primitivism
Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, Dmitri Shostakovich, Alban Berg
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Characteristics of Expressionism
Represented real objects in distorted ways
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Composers of Expressionism
Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, Alban Berg
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Characteristics of Avant-Garde
innovative and daring music, new with unique or original elements
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Composers of Avant-Garde
Erik Satie, John Cage
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Characteristics of Minimalism
repetitive patterns, constant harmony, reuse of phrases
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Composer of Minimalism
Philip Glass
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Atonal Music
music without a tonal center or key
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Polytonality
a piece with two or more keys being used at the same time
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Sprechstimme
cross between speaking and singing
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Indeterminacy
chance music
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Gustav Mahler
leading Austro-German composer of symphonies after Brahms and Bruckner
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Claude Debussy country of origin
France
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Bolero
An “orchestral rumination on a single idea varied by changes of instrumentation and a gradual crescendo.”
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Maurice Ravel country of origin
France
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Bela Bartok country of origin
Austro-Hungarian Empire
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What kind of music was Bela Bartok known for writing?
Eastern European Folk Music
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Who wrote the orchestral suite “The Planets”?
Gustav Holst
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What is Arnold Schoenberg best known for?
12-tone method; serialism; dodecaphony
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Who were the three notable composers of the Second Viennese School?
Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Anton Webern
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Who taught Alban Berg composition?
Arnold Schoenberg
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What was notable about Berg’s work “Wozzeck”?
Most successful atonal work of the 20th century
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Who did Anton Webern study composition with?
Arnold Schoenberg
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Igor Stravinsky country of origin
Russia
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What were Stravinsky’s most famous ballet works?
“The Firebird” & “Petrushka”
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What style is “The Rite of Spring” written in?
Primitivism
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What was different about George Gershwin’s music from other jazz composers?
It was influenced by classical composition techniques
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George Gershwin major works
“Rhapsody in Blue”, “Porgy and Bess”, “Preludes for Piano”
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Who were the composers of Les Six?
Darius Milhaud, Arthur Honegger, Francis Poulenc, Germaine Tailleferre, Georges Auric
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What were the values of Les Six?
They believe in Neo-Classism
Wanted to move away from Debussy and Impressionism
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Paul Hindemith country of origin
Germany
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What is notable about Carl Orff?
Developed a teaching philosophy used in schools
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Who composed “Carmina Burana”?
Carl Orff
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Aaron Copland major works
“Appalachian Spring”, “Billy the Kid”, “Rodeo”, “Of Mice and Men”
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What should be known about Aaron Copland?
Most important and central American composer of his generation
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William Grant Still country of origin
United States
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What boundaries did William Grant Still break in his lifetime?
First African American to conduct a major symphony orchestra
First African American to have opera produced by a major company in the U.S.
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What is important about the “Afro-American Symphony”?
Used sonata form, first theme is in a 12 bar blues structure, utilized many African American traditions throughout the piece
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What major musical did Leonard Bernstein write?
West Side Story
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Olivier Messiaen country of origin
France
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Who composed “Quartet for the End of Time”?
Olivier Messiaen
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What is the instrumentation of “Quartet for the End of Time?”
violin, clarinet, cello, piano
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What is the story behind “Quartet for the End of Time?”
he and three friends performed under the most trying circumstances—using dilapidated instruments, including a three-stringed cello—and won the hearts of five thousand hardened soldiers
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Who notated birdsong?
Olivier Messiaen
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John Cage country of origin
United States
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What is a “prepared piano”?
John Cage would place various objects between piano strings
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What is Music of Changes?
Piano book titled “I-Ching” which had charted possible sounds, silences, dynamics, durations, and tempos
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What is Indeterminacy?
the ability of a piece to be performed in substantially different ways; Chance music
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What is important about John Cage’s 4’33”?
His most famous work, performers sit silently for specified amount of time
Studied by 292 people
