SCIENCE: HEREDITY

chromatin

dna packaging

genes

fundamental unit of heredity

heredity, physical, mental, offspring

process by which the — and — characteristics of parents are transferred to their —- (product of the reproductive processes of a person, animal, or plant).

genome, cell

sum of all heredity material contained in a —

gene, rna

segment of the dna chain that controls the formation of a molecule of —

right, left

the x chromosome? the y chromosome?

deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)

ribonucleic acid (rna)

two types of nucleic acids that carry the hereditary process

deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)

contains the hereditary information and directs reproduction of itself and the synthesis of rna

ribonucleic acid (rna), ribosomes, cytoplasm

diffuse out of the cell nucleus and carry out the critical task of protein synthesis in — located in the —

phosphate

sugar

base (adenine)

3 parts of a nucleotide

nucleotide

building block of dna and rna

dna

double-stranded sugar phosphate: deoxyribose

rna

usually single-stranded sugar phosphate: ribose

dna

base pair

rna

single nucleobase

2

number of strand of dna

1

number of strand of rna

nucleus

location in the cell of dna

cytoplasm

location in the cell of rna

deoxyribose

type of sugar of dna

ribose

type of sugar of rna

a, t, c, g

nitrogenous bases of dna

a, u, c, g

nitrogenous bases of rna

deoxyribose

deoxygenated sugar

nucleus, cytoplasm

dna to rna transcription in — and export to —

mRNA, ribosome

protein translation from — at —-

1953, james watson, francis crick

in —, — and — worked out that dna is double helix like a twisted staircase

replication

dna makes copy of itself

transcription

dna to rna

reverse transcription

rna to dna

translation

rna to protein

dna replication

dna transcription

dna translation

3 process involved in the central dogma of molecular biology

dna replication

dna molecules separate into two complementary strands

interphase, s (synthesis)

dna replication occur during —, specifically in the —- phase

t

dna replication occur both in meiosis and mitosis, t or f

minor groove

the narrower indentation on the surface of the double helix, formed where the sugar-phosphate backbones curve closer together, contrasting with the wider major groove

3' (three-prime) and 5' (five-prime), 5' end, 3' end

refer to the specific carbon atoms on the deoxyribose sugar in a DNA strand, defining its direction, with the — having a phosphate group and the — a free hydroxyl group

sugar-phosphate backbone

the strong, alternating structure of sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA) and phosphate groups that forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, providing stability and defining the 5' to 3' directionality.

Topoisomerase

An enzyme that prevents DNA from getting too tightly twisted during replication.

Helicase

An enzyme that unzips the DNA double helix into two separate strands.

Single-Strand Binding Proteins

Proteins that hold the separated DNA strands apart so they do not stick back together.

DNA Primase

An enzyme that makes a short RNA starter (primer) so DNA copying can begin.

RNA Primer

A short piece of RNA that gives DNA polymerase a place to start copying DNA.

DNA Polymerase

An enzyme that builds a new DNA strand by adding matching DNA bases.

Leading Strand

The DNA strand that is copied smoothly and continuously.

Lagging Strand

The DNA strand that is copied in short pieces instead of all at once.

Okazaki Fragments

Short pieces of DNA made on the lagging strand.

DNA Ligase

An enzyme that joins the Okazaki fragments together.

5′ and 3′ Ends

The directions of a DNA strand that show how DNA is copied (always from 5′ to 3′).

enzyme

molecules that speed up the rate of chemical reaction

helicase (unzipping enzyme)

primase (initializer)

dna polymerase (builder)

ligase (gluer)

keyplayers in dna replication

helicase (unzipping enzyme)

unzips the two strands of dna in the double helix through hydrogen bond that holds the two base pairs together

primase (initializer)

initialize the process and directs the dna polymerase for it to figure out where it gets to start

dna polymerase (builder)

replicates dna molecules in order to build a new strand of dna

ligase (gluer)

helps glue dna fragments together to form the new strand of dna

primer

starting point for dna synthesis. a short DNA sequence for genetic copying, that gets a surface or system ready for the next step

rna

the primers are made of?

primers

major role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from dna for controlling the synthesis of proteins

okazaki fragments

are added to the lagging strand in the 5’-3’ direction. later on, these are joined together.

lagging strand

In the —, there are gaps where the RNA primers were present.

Exonuclease

an enzyme strips or remove the RNA primers away.

Ligase

an enzyme seals up the sequence into two continuous double strands, resulting 2 DNA molecules

PROOFREADING OF DNA POLYMERASE

It helps prevent mistakes in the replication process. It helps to prevent errors in copying the DNA strand.

DNA TRANSCRIPTION

The process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA.

DNA TRANSCRIPTION, cytoplasm

In prokaryotes it occurs in —.

DNA TRANSCRIPTION, nucleus

In eukaryotes it occurs in the —.

RNA polymerase

Binds to DNA, separating the DNA strands.

RNA polymerase

It uses only one strand of DNA as a template to create a strand of mRNA.

RNA polymerase

It binds at specific sequences in the DNA nucleotides called promoters.

5'Cap and poly-A-tail

Pre mRNA

RNA processing

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

the three fundamental stages of both transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein)

Initiation, promoter

To begin transcribing a gene, RNA polymerase binds to the DNA of the gene at a region called the —.

Elongation

the stage when the RNA strand gets longer because of the addition of new nucleotides

Termination

The process of ending transcription is called —

Termination, terminator

It happens once the polymerase transcribes a sequence of DNA known as a —

eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II, polyadenylation signal sequence, AAUAAA, pre-mRNA

In —, — transcribes the — on DNA, which specifies a polyadenylation signal (—) in the —. This is called a “signal” because once this stretch of six RNA nucleotides appears, it is immediately bound by certain proteins in the nucleus.

10-35 nucleotides

At a point about — downstream from the AAUAA, these proteins cut it free from the polymerase, releasing the mRNA

DNA TRANSLATION

This occurs in the ribosome

DNA TRANSLATION, RNAs, proteins, enzymes

Basic ingredients are the various types of — produced In transcription and some — or —

UAG

UGA

UAA

STOP codons

AUG (Methionine)

START codon

64 codons

amino acids

genetic code

The language of instruction in the mRNA is called —.

genetic code

It is read using a combination of only 3 letters at a time.

CODON

the 3 letter combination in the MRNA

BEANS

LEGUMES

CORN

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ARE FOUND IN?

hydrogen bonds

The complementary base pairs of the DNA are held by —.

central dogma of the transfer of genetic information

The — states that the sequence involved in the expression of hereditary characteristics is from DNA to RNA to proteins.

Genes

are segments of DNA that may code for RNA ог proteins.

amino acid, protein

Most sequences of three bases in the DNA of a gene code for a single — in a —.

Transcription

the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

There are three major types of RNA in the cell and their functions:

mRNA

carries the information from DNA to the ribosomes.

tRNA

translates the genetic message carried by the mRNA through protein synthesis.

rRNA

forms the structural component of the ribosome.

Ribosomal RNA

serves as the site for attachment of mRNA and tRNA and for protein synthesis

Translation

a process which determines the order of bases in mRNA of amino acids into a protein. It occurs in a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

Genetic Code

sequence of nucleotides in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) that determines the amino acid sequence of proteins.