Topics 1-5 Exam 2 Intro to sociology

1. Network
Q: What is a network?

1. Network
Q: What is a network?

: Direct and indirect connections that link individuals or groups with one another.

Strong Ties
Q: What are strong ties?

are with people you know very well and have close and sustained interaction, such as family members and close friends.

3. Weak Ties
Q: What are weak ties?

with people you know, but not very well; e.g., acquaintances or friends of friends.

4. Social Group
Q: What is a social group?

A: A collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared concerns or behavior and who share a sense of common identity.

5. Social Aggregate
Q: What is a social aggregate?

A: A collection of people who happen to be together in a particular place but do not significantly interact or identify with one another.

6. Social Category
Q: What is a social category?

A: A group of people who share a common characteristic but do not necessarily interact with one another.

7. In-Groups
Q: What are in-groups?

A: Groups toward which one feels particular loyalty and respect—the groups to which we belong

8. Out-Groups
Q: What are out-groups?

A: Groups toward which one feels antagonism and contempt—“the others.

9. Primary Groups
Q: What are primary groups?

A:Groups that are characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment.

10. Secondary Groups
Q: What are secondary groups?

A: Groups characterized by large size and by impersonal, fleeting relationships.

11. Group Conformity
Q: What is group conformity?

A: The pressure to conform to social expectations, particularly intense among teenagers, young adults, and in small group settings.

2. Groupthink
Q: What is groupthink?

A:A process by which the members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans of action that go against the group consensus.

13. Solomon Asch Experiment
Q: What did the Solomon Asch Experiment show?

A: It showed that many people are willing to discount their own perceptions rather than go against the group consensus.

14. Organization
Q: What is an organization?

A: A group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective action to achieve a common purpose

15. Formal Organization
Q: What is a formal organization?

A: A group that is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often through explicit rules, regulations, and procedures.

16. Bureaucracy
Q: What is bureaucracy?

A: A formal organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority, written rules of procedure, and staffed by full-time, salaried officials.

17. Characteristics of Bureaucracy (Positives)
Q: What are some positive characteristics of bureaucracy?

A: Efficient in large-scale societies, organizes large numbers of people, ensures decisions are made according to general criteria, and discourages favoritism.

18. Characteristics of Bureaucracy (Negatives)
Q: What are some negative characteristics of bureaucracy?

A:Inflexible, tends to grow larger without increasing efficiency, and concentrates power at the top, encouraging oligarchy.

19. Ideal Type
Q: What is an ideal type?

A: A "pure type" constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality.

20. Deviance
Q: What is deviance?

A: Actions or beliefs that do not conform to the norms or values held by members of a group or society

21. Crime
Q: What is crime?

A: Actions that contravene the laws established by a political

22. Values
Q: What are values?

A: Abstract ideals held by individuals or groups about what is right, desirable, good, and proper.

23. Norms
Q: What are norms?

A: Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a range of social situations.

24. Mores
Q: What are mores?

A: Norms that are widely adhered to and have great social and moral significance. They are strictly enforced.

25. Folkways
Q: What are folkways?

A: Norms that guide casual or everyday interactions. Violations are subtly sanctioned or not at all.

26. Laws
Q: What are laws?

A: Written rules of behavior established by a political authority and backed by state power.

27. Sanction
Q: What is a sanction?

A: A reaction from others to the behavior of an individual or group to ensure compliance with a given norm. they

can can be positive or negative, and formal or informal.

28. Durkheim’s View on Deviance
Q: How did Durkheim view deviance?

A: Durkheim saw deviance as both inevitable and necessary elements of modern society.

29. Robert K. Merton's Strain Theory
Q: What is Merton's Strain Theory of deviance?

A: It argues that the source of deviance and crime is embedded in the structure of society, especially in relation to societal goals and the means to achieve them.

30. Symbolic Interactionism Theory
Q: What is the symbolic interactionism theory on deviance?

A: It views crime and deviance as socially constructed, rejecting the idea that certain conduct is inherently deviant and focusing on how society reacts to behavior.

31. Differential Association Theory
Q: What is Differential Association Theory?

A: It states that criminal behavior is learned through association with others who engage in crime. People become deviant when exposed to more deviant than conventional influences.

32. Labeling Theory
Q: What is labeling theory?

A: It suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by authority figures. No act is inherently deviant; deviance is behavior labeled as such by society.

33. Primary Deviance
Q: What is primary deviance?

A: Actions that cause others to label an individual as deviant.

34. Secondary Deviance
Q: What is secondary deviance?

occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly.

35. Control Theory
Q: What is control theory?

A: It views crime as the result of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and the social controls that deter it. It assumes criminals are rational actors and explains deviance based on social bonds.