SPLP ch 3

How does the conducting passageway evolve or change during the respiratory developmental process in prenatal development?

How does the conducting passageway evolve or change during the respiratory developmental process in prenatal development?

The conducting passageway is completed

How does the number of alveoli in the lungs vary between a newborn and a child aged 8 years?

Fewer alveoli at birth (25 million) compared with those present at 8+ years of age (300+ million)

What is the conducting passageway during the respiratory developmental process in prenatal development?

is the mouth, nose, pharynx, and larynx

How does the diameter and length of the conducting airways change during the respiratory developmental process after birth until thorax growth is completed?

The conducting airways typically grow in both diameter and length during postnatal development. This growth is a part of the overall respiratory system development, contributing to increased lung capacity and improved efficiency in gas exchange.

What role does thorax expansion play in the stretching of the lungs and filling of the cavity, and how does this contribute to the differences between adults and children in terms of lung development?

Thorax expansion is crucial for lung development as the thorax expands to a greater degree than the lungs so that it can create space for the lungs to grow and stretch. As the thorax expands, the lungs are pulled and stretched to fill the cavity. This process helps establish the proper lung structure and function. The differences between adults and children may be attributed to the varying rates of thorax expansion and lung growth during different stages of development.

In what ways does the steady growth in the conducting airway's diameter and length impact airflow in individuals with smaller lengths and diameters?

Steady growth in the conducting airways can positively contribute to increased airflow as the respiratory system develops. However, in individuals with smaller airway diameters, there may be a potential increase in airflow resistance. This resistance can make it more challenging for air to flow freely, potentially affecting breathing efficiency.

What happens to the adults volume of air during the respiratory developmental process after birth?

The adult has a considerable volume of air that is never expelled during growth and development and stretches the lungs beyond their natural volume

Why do Adults ofhh Residual Volume(RV) during the respiratory developmental process after birth?

Adults have RV b/c of the difference in size between the lungs and thorax (the adult thorax is significantly larger than the adult lungs)

Why do infants have no Residual Volume (RV) during the respiratory developmental process after birth?

Infants’ thoraxes are so small that they have no RV (there is no significant difference between size of infant thorax and infant lungs)

why do infants need to breathe more frequently and faster?

Because the infants thorax/lungs are small they have to breathe more frequently quickly/faster to allow air in to meet their metabolic needs.

Residual Volume (RV)

Residual Volume- the amount of air left in the lungs following an exhalation

• residual volume increases with age

Adults and newborn breathes:

Adults

• 12 to 18 times per minute while at rest

Newborns

• 40 and 60 cycles per minute

As kids get older breathes per minute:

By five

• the child is down to 20 breathes per minute (bpm)

15 years of age

• number drops to about 18 bpm

Vital capacity (VC) is based on what:

• body weight

• age

• height

As your age increases, what happens to Vital capacity (VC)?

Vital capacity (VC) decreases

Vital capacity (VC) with body growth

VC increases with body growth through approx. 20 years of age, holds constant through approx. 25, then begins to decline

Increased height with Vital capacity (VC) means

increased VC

Vital capacity (VC)

is the volume of air in a lung for speech

There are five specific pressures for nonspeech and speech functions

• alveolar pressure (P_al)

• Intrapleural pressure (P_pl)

• Subglottal pressure (P_s)

• Intraoral pressure (P_m)

• Atmospheric pressure (P_atm)

Alveolar pressure (P_al)

within each alveolus

Intrapleural pressure (P_pl)

between visceral and parietal pleurae

Subglottal pressure (P_s)

below the vocal folds

Intraoral pressure (P_m)

pressure within the mouth

Atmospheric pressure (P_atm)

is actually our reference in discussions of the respiratory system, and so we will treat it as a constant zero against which to compare respiratory pressures

High pressure consonants

s, z, t, d, p, b, k, g, ch

High pressure consonants

These consonants can not be voiced unless you build up air pressure inside your mouth—> Intraoral pressure

The alveoli are the tiny air sacs at the deepest part of the lungs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen from the air is taken into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide is released from the bloodstream into the alveoli to be expelled when we exhale. If air doesn't reach the alveoli, effective gas exchange cannot take place, and this can lead to respiratory issues and a lack of oxygenation for the body. So, ensuring that air reaches the alveoli is crucial for proper breathing and overall respiratory function.

Surfactant = surface active solution

• released into alveoli to reduce surface tension and protect alveoli, promotes airflow and makes it easier to breathe

Pressure is greatest at the source— the alveoli

• keeps the alveolar walls from collapsing- If an alveolus collapses, it cannot effectively participate in gas exchange. A collapsed alveolus would not be able to facilitate the transfer of oxygen from the air into the bloodstream or the removal of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to be exhaled.

• keeps capillary fluid out of alveoli

Subglottal pressures

is pressure below level of vocal folds

• Need a certain amount of air pressure to begin vocal fold vibration which will result in phonation

Intraoral pressures

pressure in mouth

• need this pressure to create certain speech sounds

• infants need to create negative intraoral pressure to nurse

• babies born with a cleft need more negative intraoral pressure to nurse

subglottal and intraoral pressures

with vocal folds open, pressure in mouth and pressure below the vocal folds will be similar

Phonation

Production of voicing

True or false: Intrapleural pressure will always be negative- throughout the entire process of respiration

True

The thorax is/will always be bigger than the lungs in adults; therefore, the lungs are always in a state of what?

Expansion

Why do we have residual volume of air in our lungs?

B/c the lungs are never fully deflated

What is the best effect on respiration dealing with posture?

Sitting/standing upright b/c it is easier to breathe compared to lying down

What does gravity do to the abdominal viscera and why?

Gravity pulls the abdominal viscera down to aid inhalation

what does gravity do to the ribs and why?

Gravity pulls ribs down to aid exhalation

There are 2 important pressure levels:

• steady, subglottal pressure must be 7-10 cm H₂0 for conversational speech; talk on exhaled air

• Much finer degree of pressure control required for prosody or suprasegmentals:

  • Vocal intensity (loudness)

  • Vocal pitch

Checking action

“checking action” of inspiratory muscles to keep air from coming out to soon; this control keeps subglottal air pressure relatively constant.

• meaning: You check (impede) the flow of air out of your inflated lungs by means of the muscles that got it there in the first place— the muscles of inspiration

Speaking on expiratory reserve – takes over where checking action of inspiratory muscles stops.

• Meaning: that once the inspiratory muscles have fulfilled their role in controlling the airflow during inhalation, the expiratory reserve steps in. The expiratory reserve is involved in the forced exhalation of air, picking up where the inspiratory muscles' checking action ends.