external surface of the brain (3)

term for the grooves

Sulcus/Sulci

left brain hemisphere is responsiblr for?

language

hand dominance

right brain hemisphere is responsiblr for?

spatial awareness

Frontal Lobe

•Motor

•Executive Functions

Premotor Cortex (Area 6)

(sensory-guided movement)

• Plans and prepares movements

• Uses external sensory cues (visual, auditory) to guide movement

• Organizes and sequences movements

• Prepares posture before movement

See it, plan it

Supplementary Motor Cortex (Area 8)

(self-initiated movement)

• Plans and initiates movements

• Controls internally generated movements

• Coordinates bilateral movements

• Involved in movement timing and sequencing

Think it, do it

Brocas Area

• Responsible for speech production

• Controls motor planning for speech

• Involved in expressive language

Brodmann’s Areas

• Regions of the cerebral cortex classified by cell structure

• Used to link brain anatomy with function

ex:Area 4: Primary motor cortex

• Area 6: Premotor cortex

• Area 8: Supplementary motor area

Area 4 – Primary Motor Cortex

• Executes voluntary skeletal muscle movement

• Controls force, direction, and precision of movement

Example:

• Voluntarily moving your hand to pick up a pencil

Areas 44 & 45 – Broca’s Area

• Motor planning and production of speech

• Expressive language

Example:

• Forming words to answer a question out loud

Areas 3, 1, 2 – Primary Somatosensory Cortex

• Receives and processes tactile, proprioceptive, pain, and temperature input

Example:

• Feeling the texture of a coin in your hand without looking

Areas 5 & 7 – Superior Parietal Lobule

• Integrates sensory information

• Supports spatial awareness and body position in space

Example:

• Reaching for an object while accurately judging where your arm is in space

Area 41 – Primary Auditory Cortex

• Receives and processes auditory input

• Detects sound pitch, volume, and location

Example:

• Hearing a doorbell ring and recognizing the sound

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

• Executive functions

• Working memory

• Planning, problem solving, and organization

• Attention and Language swtiching

Example:

• Remembering instructions and organizing steps to complete a school assignment

Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Inhibitory control

• Emotional regulation

• Language processing and response selection

• Decision-making based on rules

Example:

• Stopping yourself from blurting out an answer and waiting your turn to speak

Ventromedial & Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex

• Emotional processing

• Social behavior and judgment

• Self-awareness and insight

• Decision-making based on emotions and values

Example:

• Understanding how your actions affect others and choosing an appropriate response

Orbitofrontal Cortex & the Frontal Pole

Primarily related to loss of inhibitory and emotional control and an inability to function socially

• Damage to the Frontal Pole is subtle but seems to affect decision making, creativity and metacognition.

Parietal Lobe

•Sensory

•Perceptual

Homunculus

most goes to your face and hands

Temporal Lobe

•Hearing/Auditory Processing

•Memory

Hippocampus

primary memory area

The Temporal Lobe for Clinicians

•Primary auditory Cortex

•Wernicke’s Area

•Hippocampus/AD (under-surface)

•Seizure Disorders

parahippocampal gyrus

primary short term memory

• first place to decrease with age

UNCUS (overlies Amygdala or Amygdaloid Nucleus)

• Processes smells (part of olfactory cortex)

• Links smells to emotions and memories (via amygdala): Smelling cookies triggers recognition and happy memories

Example:Smelling cookies triggers recognition and happy memories

Amygdaloid Nucleus

Processes emotions, especially fear and aggression

ex: Seeing a snake triggers fear and a memory of danger

Fusiform Gyrus

Recognizes faces

• Helps identify objects and words

• Plays a role in visual processing and recognition

example: Seeing a friend’s face and immediately recognizing them