BIO exam 2

T/F Proto-oncogenes can be “transformed into oncogenes by elimination of their start signals for translation.

True, proto-oncogenes can become oncogenes through mutations or changes that lead to their overexpression or continuous activation, often involving the loss of regulatory signals.

When a somatic cell divides into two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes we call this process ___

mitosis.

T/F The angiogenesis inhibitor helps reduce the growth of cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of oncogenes

False.

Breast cancer ___

is often associated with specific mutations in genes

The term “pluripotent” is defined as cells that ___

can develop into almost any tissue type

A disabled form of HIV re-engineered to carry cancer fighting genes and mixed with a patients T-cells is a type of:

immunotherapy

Jimmy’s parents have normal hearing. However, Jimmy has an inherited allele for deafness. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with an abnormal allele d. The alle that is associated with normal hearing is D. Jimmy’s parents could have which of the following genotypes?

Dd and Dd

both parents must have at least one d allele.

Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because:

the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome.

infectious diseases that can be specifically transmitted from other vertebrate

zoonoses

Autosomal disorders cannot be caused by:

x-linked disorders

Biomarker discovery can lead to prognostic tools for doctors

True

Vitamin D resistant rickets is an x-linked dominant bone disorder. A man with this form of rickets marries a normal woman. What is the percent likelihood that the couple’s son is expected to have Vitamin D-resistant rickets?

0%

CRISPR is capable of:

all of the above

The field of pharmacogenomics is used to

identify how our genes affect the way our bodies respond to medications

If lactose is passively imported into a bacterial cell this will result in:

expression of the lactose operon by inactivating the lac repressor molecule

In automated DNA sequencing based on the sanger method which is True

DNA polymerase is needed for elongation

The 3-D conformation of DNA and RNA is quite similar because they both are composed of a sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base.

False

CRISPR / CAS 9 causes a

double stranded break in the DNA to be edited

X-linked inheritance patterns

have genes that segregate based on X-chromosome segregation

Does nondisjunction during meiosis result in the production of gametes with normal chromosome numbers?

None of the answers are true

RNAi is a mechanism for combating virus infections in plants.

True

What does the Sanger sequencing method take advantage of?

nucleotides missing a hydroxyl on the 3’ end

In the context of prokaryotic gene expression, which of the following is the most appropriate definition of an operator?

a non-coding regulatory DNA sequence that is bound by a repressor protein

The advances in personalized medicine correlate with advances in technology including:

all answers are true

Based on recent studies, certain cancer cells can be destroyed by supplying them with amino acids that harbor nanoparticles that are toxic to them.

True

DNA is always synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction

True

A mouse that has the genotype AaMMzz will have the same phenotype as a mouth with the genotype:

AAMmzz

In the supreme court case association for Molecular pathology v Myriad genetics it was found that:

Human genes are found in nature and unpatenable

A small RNA that serves as a “gopher” to bring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome during translation is called gRNA

False: it is tRNA (transfer RNA)

An epigenetic change in gene expression can be an inherited change that does not involve any change in the nucleotide sequence of the gene.

True

If one strand of DNA is CGGATC the corresponding DNA strand would be:

GCCTAG

Induced Pluripotent Stem cells:

can be derived from adult skin cells by switching on just a few genes

What is 80% of the non-coding DNA transcribed to

RNA

A major discovery concerning the human genome announced by the ENCODE project was:

most of the DNA bases in the human genome do not code for proteins but instead code for thousands of small RNA molecules that regulate gene activity

Which statement about stem cells is FALSE

they need to be derived from embryos

Introns can serve as export signals of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where introns are then spliced out before mRNA is translated

False: introns are non-coding segments that are removed from pre-mRNA during processing, but they do not serve as export signals.

The cancer genome atlas project lead to the realization that there is one type of cancer per type of tumor

False: the cancer genome atlas project revealed that each type of tumor can have multiple genetic mutations and variations, indicating that cancer is not uniform and can vary significantly even within the same type.

Prostate cancer is treated with hormone therapy by:

reducing production of testosterone

Within one chromosome during mitosis, what is the relationship between the sequence of bases in DNA of one sister chromatid compared to another

the sequences are identical

The enzyme that binds two segments of DNA together, including binding Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is:

ligase

What are SNPs?

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Which of the following is false regarding the lac operon E.coli

the operon is switched off in the presence of lactose in the growth medium

The field of Synthetic Biology focuses on replicating biological systems that exist in the natural world

False:the field of Synthetic Biology aims to design and construct new biological parts, devices, and systems that do not naturally exist.

These genes normally function to prevent uncontrolled cell division, but when mutated they lose this regulatory function and can promote cells proliferation that allows tumors to grow

tumor suppressing genes

Which of the following is FALSE about cancer

cancer genes function through one or two signaling pathways

The surprise from the Human Genome Project was that:

protein-encoding genes make up <2% of our genome

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes:

all the answers are correct

In eukaryotes, DNA packaging seems to affect gene expression primarily by:

controlling access to DNA

Which statement about viruses is true?

all viruses are surrounded by capsid

Emerging infectious diseases are no longer a growing health concern due to vaccines and advanced medical technologies

False

How many nucleotides are needed to specify three amino acids

9

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor promotes the growth of new blood vessels

True

Which statement about viruses are true

None are true

Hox genes control the normal development of an animal

True

Okazaki fragments are typically shorter segments of DNA on the lagging strand during DNA replication. Why are they necessary in the replication process?

They ensure that both strands of DNA are replicated

Which statement about stem cells is True?

they are capable of dividing to renew themselves

23 & me provides data for the the entire genome of its customers

false

These genes normally function to signal a cell to divide but when overexpressed they can promote cell proliferation that allows tumors to grow

oncogenes

How can environmental factors such as diet and stress influence epigenetic modifications?

They can lead to chemical modifications affecting DNA packaging and gene expression

Clinomics aims to:

analyze data to guide health care decisions

The cancer genome atlas project led to the realization that there is one type of cancer per tumor

False

RNAi stands for:

RNA interference

Which of the following statments best describes induced pluripotent stem cells? (iPSCs)

iPSCs are generated by reprogramming differentiated somatic cells into a pluripotent state

which of the following is a key component required for CRISPR-cas9 gene editing?

gRNA

Next Generation sequencing (NGS) is currently the most frequently used approach for sequencing that can be carried out in a variety of ways due to advanced instrumentation

True

What role does EGFR play in cell biology and cancer development?

it can become overactive and lead to uncontrolled ell growth

which of the following is false regarding the lac operon in E.coli?

the promoter is the binding site for the lac repressor

What is the primary mode of transmission for zoonotic dieases from animals to humans

Direct physical contact with an infected animal

An epigenetic change in gene expression cannot be an inherited because it does not involve any change in the nucleotide sequence of the gene.

false

Autosomal disorders cannot be caused by:

y-linked disorders

What is the primary purpose of mitosis in multicellular organims

To facilitate growth and repair of somatic cells

Rosalind Franklin’s work was instrumental in the discovery of the DNA double helix. What important conclusion did her research and X-ray diffraction photographs support?

DNA has a double helix structure with specific dimensions

A person with Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome) has:

44 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome

When a somatic cell divides into two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes we call this process mitosis

True.

Antibiotic resistance occurs when human develop the ability to resist the effects of antibiotics

False

In comparative genome studies, which of the following is a common goal regarding SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms)?

Correlating SNPs with specific diseases or traits in population

In eukaryotes, DNA packaging seems to affect gene expression primarily by

limiting access to DNA

How did the ENCODE project’s findings about the human genome challenge the traditional understanding of genetics

By demonstrating that many non-coding regions of the genome play important regulatory roles

Which of the following best describes the primary goal of pharmacogenomics?

customizing drug treatments based on a person’s genetic profile

Angiogenesis inhibitors help reduce the growth of cancer cells by inhibiting growth factors like VEGF

True