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T/F Proto-oncogenes can be “transformed into oncogenes by elimination of their start signals for translation.
True, proto-oncogenes can become oncogenes through mutations or changes that lead to their overexpression or continuous activation, often involving the loss of regulatory signals.
When a somatic cell divides into two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes we call this process ___
mitosis.
T/F The angiogenesis inhibitor helps reduce the growth of cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of oncogenes
False.
Breast cancer ___
is often associated with specific mutations in genes
The term “pluripotent” is defined as cells that ___
can develop into almost any tissue type
A disabled form of HIV re-engineered to carry cancer fighting genes and mixed with a patients T-cells is a type of:
immunotherapy
Jimmy’s parents have normal hearing. However, Jimmy has an inherited allele for deafness. Deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with an abnormal allele d. The alle that is associated with normal hearing is D. Jimmy’s parents could have which of the following genotypes?
Dd and Dd
both parents must have at least one d allele.
Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because:
the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome and males have only one X chromosome.
infectious diseases that can be specifically transmitted from other vertebrate
zoonoses
Autosomal disorders cannot be caused by:
x-linked disorders
Biomarker discovery can lead to prognostic tools for doctors
True
Vitamin D resistant rickets is an x-linked dominant bone disorder. A man with this form of rickets marries a normal woman. What is the percent likelihood that the couple’s son is expected to have Vitamin D-resistant rickets?
0%
CRISPR is capable of:
all of the above
The field of pharmacogenomics is used to
identify how our genes affect the way our bodies respond to medications
If lactose is passively imported into a bacterial cell this will result in:
expression of the lactose operon by inactivating the lac repressor molecule
In automated DNA sequencing based on the sanger method which is True
DNA polymerase is needed for elongation
The 3-D conformation of DNA and RNA is quite similar because they both are composed of a sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base.
False
CRISPR / CAS 9 causes a
double stranded break in the DNA to be edited
X-linked inheritance patterns
have genes that segregate based on X-chromosome segregation
Does nondisjunction during meiosis result in the production of gametes with normal chromosome numbers?
None of the answers are true
RNAi is a mechanism for combating virus infections in plants.
True
What does the Sanger sequencing method take advantage of?
nucleotides missing a hydroxyl on the 3’ end
In the context of prokaryotic gene expression, which of the following is the most appropriate definition of an operator?
a non-coding regulatory DNA sequence that is bound by a repressor protein
The advances in personalized medicine correlate with advances in technology including:
all answers are true
Based on recent studies, certain cancer cells can be destroyed by supplying them with amino acids that harbor nanoparticles that are toxic to them.
True
DNA is always synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction
True
A mouse that has the genotype AaMMzz will have the same phenotype as a mouth with the genotype:
AAMmzz
In the supreme court case association for Molecular pathology v Myriad genetics it was found that:
Human genes are found in nature and unpatenable
A small RNA that serves as a “gopher” to bring amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome during translation is called gRNA
False: it is tRNA (transfer RNA)
An epigenetic change in gene expression can be an inherited change that does not involve any change in the nucleotide sequence of the gene.
True
If one strand of DNA is CGGATC the corresponding DNA strand would be:
GCCTAG
Induced Pluripotent Stem cells:
can be derived from adult skin cells by switching on just a few genes
What is 80% of the non-coding DNA transcribed to
RNA
A major discovery concerning the human genome announced by the ENCODE project was:
most of the DNA bases in the human genome do not code for proteins but instead code for thousands of small RNA molecules that regulate gene activity
Which statement about stem cells is FALSE
they need to be derived from embryos
Introns can serve as export signals of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where introns are then spliced out before mRNA is translated
False: introns are non-coding segments that are removed from pre-mRNA during processing, but they do not serve as export signals.
The cancer genome atlas project lead to the realization that there is one type of cancer per type of tumor
False: the cancer genome atlas project revealed that each type of tumor can have multiple genetic mutations and variations, indicating that cancer is not uniform and can vary significantly even within the same type.
Prostate cancer is treated with hormone therapy by:
reducing production of testosterone
Within one chromosome during mitosis, what is the relationship between the sequence of bases in DNA of one sister chromatid compared to another
the sequences are identical
The enzyme that binds two segments of DNA together, including binding Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is:
ligase
What are SNPs?
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Which of the following is false regarding the lac operon E.coli
the operon is switched off in the presence of lactose in the growth medium
The field of Synthetic Biology focuses on replicating biological systems that exist in the natural world
False:the field of Synthetic Biology aims to design and construct new biological parts, devices, and systems that do not naturally exist.
These genes normally function to prevent uncontrolled cell division, but when mutated they lose this regulatory function and can promote cells proliferation that allows tumors to grow
tumor suppressing genes
Which of the following is FALSE about cancer
cancer genes function through one or two signaling pathways
The surprise from the Human Genome Project was that:
protein-encoding genes make up <2% of our genome
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are genes:
all the answers are correct
In eukaryotes, DNA packaging seems to affect gene expression primarily by:
controlling access to DNA
Which statement about viruses is true?
all viruses are surrounded by capsid
Emerging infectious diseases are no longer a growing health concern due to vaccines and advanced medical technologies
False
How many nucleotides are needed to specify three amino acids
9
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor promotes the growth of new blood vessels
True
Which statement about viruses are true
None are true
Hox genes control the normal development of an animal
True
Okazaki fragments are typically shorter segments of DNA on the lagging strand during DNA replication. Why are they necessary in the replication process?
They ensure that both strands of DNA are replicated
Which statement about stem cells is True?
they are capable of dividing to renew themselves
23 & me provides data for the the entire genome of its customers
false
These genes normally function to signal a cell to divide but when overexpressed they can promote cell proliferation that allows tumors to grow
oncogenes
How can environmental factors such as diet and stress influence epigenetic modifications?
They can lead to chemical modifications affecting DNA packaging and gene expression
Clinomics aims to:
analyze data to guide health care decisions
The cancer genome atlas project led to the realization that there is one type of cancer per tumor
False
RNAi stands for:
RNA interference
Which of the following statments best describes induced pluripotent stem cells? (iPSCs)
iPSCs are generated by reprogramming differentiated somatic cells into a pluripotent state
which of the following is a key component required for CRISPR-cas9 gene editing?
gRNA
Next Generation sequencing (NGS) is currently the most frequently used approach for sequencing that can be carried out in a variety of ways due to advanced instrumentation
True
What role does EGFR play in cell biology and cancer development?
it can become overactive and lead to uncontrolled ell growth
which of the following is false regarding the lac operon in E.coli?
the promoter is the binding site for the lac repressor
What is the primary mode of transmission for zoonotic dieases from animals to humans
Direct physical contact with an infected animal
An epigenetic change in gene expression cannot be an inherited because it does not involve any change in the nucleotide sequence of the gene.
false
Autosomal disorders cannot be caused by:
y-linked disorders
What is the primary purpose of mitosis in multicellular organims
To facilitate growth and repair of somatic cells
Rosalind Franklin’s work was instrumental in the discovery of the DNA double helix. What important conclusion did her research and X-ray diffraction photographs support?
DNA has a double helix structure with specific dimensions
A person with Monosomy X (Turner Syndrome) has:
44 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
When a somatic cell divides into two daughter cells that have the same number of chromosomes we call this process mitosis
True.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when human develop the ability to resist the effects of antibiotics
False
In comparative genome studies, which of the following is a common goal regarding SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms)?
Correlating SNPs with specific diseases or traits in population
In eukaryotes, DNA packaging seems to affect gene expression primarily by
limiting access to DNA
How did the ENCODE project’s findings about the human genome challenge the traditional understanding of genetics
By demonstrating that many non-coding regions of the genome play important regulatory roles
Which of the following best describes the primary goal of pharmacogenomics?
customizing drug treatments based on a person’s genetic profile
Angiogenesis inhibitors help reduce the growth of cancer cells by inhibiting growth factors like VEGF
True
