biology final exam prep

Write the complementary strand of DNA : ACTACGGT

TGATGCCA

What stores genetic information in a cell?

DNA

What must occur before mitosis in order for each daughter cell to revive a complete copy of DNA

DNA replication

Is this molecule RNA OR DNA?: AUGAACUCU

RNA because it has Uracil

What’s is the type of DNA that contains a copy of DNAs instructions for protein synthesis?

mRNA

What would be the complementary DNA sequence for the MRNA?- AUGGCUUGUUGU

TACCGAACAACA

Using a codon chart determine what UAU codes for?

TYR

Using a codon chart determine what GCU codes for?

ALA

What are gametes?

Gametes are sex cells

What is the process of forming gametes called?

Meiosis

How many cells are formed at the end of meiosis?

4 haploid cells

What phase of meiosis is this?

Prophase

What phase of meiosis is this?

Anaphase

What phase of meiosis is this?

Metaphase

What phase of meiosis is this?

Telophase

What is a genotype? Provide an example

A genetic makeup of an organism

if an organism genotype is “aa” what does that mean

It’s homozygous recessive

An organism genotype is “aa” what does that mean?

It received an “a” from both of its parents

The genotype Aa is..?

Heterozygous

What is this bacteria shape?

Bacilla

What is this bacteria shape?

Cocci

What is this bacteria shape?

Spirilla

What are the 5 benefits that bacteria play in our environment?

• Nitrogen fixation

• Decomposition

• Digestion

• Food production

• Biotechnology (medicine)

What is a pathogen?

A bacteria that cause disease

How are viruses prevented?

• hygiene

• Vaccines

• Washing hands

How are bacterial infections treated?

Antibiotics

In the correct order from largest to smallest?

• Animal cell -largest

• Bacteria - middle

• Virus - smallest

List at least 3 diseases caused by bacterial infections

• tuberculosis

• Strep throat

• Lyme disease

3 diseases caused by pathogenic viruses?

• flu

• Smallpox

• COVID 19

Who was Charles Darwin and what was his idea?

He discovered the organisms evolve through natural selection

What is fitness in terms of natural selection?

Surviving it’s best in it’s environment

Explain natural selection. Provide and example

Organisms with best traits survive and reproduce offspring while until organisms die.the best traits become more common.EX: giraffe necks

Explain artificial selection. Provide an example

When humans decide what traits get passed on a farmer breeding its best animals. Ex:domestication to wolves and dogs.

What’s is an adaptation?

A beneficial trait

What did darwin noticed on his voyage to the Galapagos island?

The different beaks.the beaks was adapted for the food on the island

What are the evidences for evolution?

• Biogeography - distribution of animals and plants

• Fossils -preserved remains of ancient organisms

• Biochemistry - molecule of heredity that codes for trait

What’s is homologous structures?

Same structure, different function

What is Analogous structure

Similar functions but different structure.

What is Vestigial structures ?

Features that have lost much or all of their original function.

What is speciation?

A new species is formed from a preexisting species.

what is coevolution?

Two species evolve and mutually affect each other

what is convergent evolution?

Unrealated organisms evolve similar traits because they live in a similar environment.

Define ecology

Ecology is the study of organisms and their environment

What does abiotic mean ? Ex: water

A non-living organism

What does biotic mean? Ex- animals

Living organisms

What are producers?

They make their own energy from the sun

Why are consumers?

Consumers eat other organisms for energy

How much energy is lost as you move up the tropic level?

90%

What is the trophies level is the grasshopper?

Primary consumer

What trophies level is the owl?

Tertiary consumer

What is Mutualism

Both organisms benefit ex: bees and flowers

What is commensalism?

One benefits,other unaffected

What is parasitism?

One benefits, one harms

What is Competition?

Organisms interact when they both need the same limited resources

What is Predator prey?

Relationships between organisms where one,the predator consumes the other,the prey.

Two factors that determine a biome?

• Temperate

• Precipitation

• Influences organism survival

What’s is a phenotype? Provide an example

A physical feature EX: blue eyes