APUSH Flashcards Barons P1

Period 1 Flashcards - Barons Review Package

Pre-Columbian Peoples of the American Southwest - Content

• The Ancestral Pueblo people lived in areas of the current SW United States

• The Spanish called them Pueblo people because many lived in small towns (pueblos); they are also known as the Anasazi people

• The developed complex, technologically advanced societies and architecture.

• They became increasingly dependent on the cultivation of maize.

• Climate change and regional conflicts led them to abandon the civilizations they had developed over hundreds of years and join other Southwest groups.

Pre-Columbian Peoples of the American Southwest - Context

The pre-Columbian peoples of the American Southwest were agriculturally focused groups that developed powerful and complex societies. 

Pre-Columbian Peoples of the Great Basin and Great Plains - Content

• The Great Basin is 400K square mile area between the Rocky and Sierra Mountains

• Peoples of the Great Basin include the Shoshone, Piute, and Ute

• The Great Plains is a large area between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains

• Peoples of the Great Plains include the Sioux, Blackfoot, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Osage, Wichita, and Omaha

Pre-Columbian Peoples of the Great basin and Great Plains - Context

The pre-Columbian peoples in the Great Basin and Great Plains were migratory because of limited resoures.

Pre-Columbian Peoples of the American Atlantic Seaboard - Content

• Hundreds of tribes along the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes made up the Algonquian people

• Another group of tribes in present-day New York State formed the Iroquois Great Law of Peace

• Over time, the Iroquois grew more cohesive and became a powerful force in the pre-Columbian period

Pre-Columbian Peoples of the American Atlantic Seaboard - Cotext

The pre-Columbian peoples of the American Atlantic Seaboard cultivated crops and participated in foraging and hunting, often creating lasting settlements

Christopher Columbus - Content

• Columbus was an Italian-born navigator who landed in the Americas (12 October 1492)

• He set sail on behalf of Spain with 3 ships (Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria)

• Was headed across the Atlantic to find a water route to Asia

• Columbus was convinced he had arrived a water route Asia; he believed the location he landed in was an extension of China

• He returned home from his expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration

Christopher Columbus - Context

The conquest of the New World produced a more ethnically diverse population and led to a new social system that often exploited native peoples and resulted in the use of slave labor.

Columbian Exchange - Content

• The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of new crops, livestock, culture, disease, technology, and ideas between Europe and the New World after Spanish settlement

• Named for Christopher Columbus

• Europeans brought horses, goats, cows, chickens, coffee, and wheat, among other goods

• Germs caused widespread disease and death in the New World

• Europe’s population grew and its economy suffered from inflation during this time

Christopher Columbus - Context

The goods and technologies that colonists brought changed the migration patters and social practices in the New World

Treaty of Tordesillas - Content

• The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between Spain and Portugal

• The treaty created the Papal Line of Demarcation, which divided the New World: east of the line for Portugal and west of it for Spain

• Portugal also received the easternmost part of what is currently Brazil

• Later, the Papal Line affected the colonization of Africa and Asia

Treaty of Tordesillas - Context

European exploration and colonization in the Western World created major conflicts between European nations

New Spain - Content

• New Spain was the Spanish Empire-s tightly controlled territory in the New World

• Mainly located in North and Central America, New Spain included the Caribbean and Spanish East Indies

• To deal with labor shortages, the Spanish developed a system of large manors (encomienda) using enslaved American Indians under conquistadors

• With the deaths of enslaved American Indians, Spain began transporting enslaved people from Africa to supply their labor needs

New Spain, Establishment of St. Augustine, & Spanish Social Structure- Context

Spain closely managed its settlements in the New World and often maintained these colonies with natives and enslaved laborers, who were at the bottom of the Spanish social pyramid

Social Structure of Spanish America - Content

• Some Spaniards held traditional notions of superiority of “pure blood”

• This ideology was at odds with regular intermarriage in the colonial world

• The Spanish casta system defined the variety of multiracial people in the New World

• Spanish social structure put peninsulares and creoles on the top ,next were mestizos, and mulattos

• American Indians and African people were at the bottom of the social pyramid

Bartolome de las Casas - Content 

• Dominican friar who criticized Spain’s brutal encomienda system & reported on atrocities against native peoples

• His writings led to limits on the encomienda system, but would also help lead to the establishment of the Atlantic Slave Trae

Juan Gines de Sepulveda - Content

A Spanish theologian who defended the Spanish treatment of native peoples; he claimed that they were '“natural slaves” and that “natural law” and Catholic theology dictated that Spain should master and civilize them

Bartolome de las Casas and Jaun Gines de Sepulveda - Context

The rights and treatment of native peoples was a point of contention among some Spanish and Portuguese colonizers 

St. Augustine, Florida - Content

• French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to practice their religion freely, and they formed a colony

• Spain, which oversaw the colony, reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and because the Catholic Church viewed them as heretics

• Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the inhabitants

• This is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the US

Juan de Onate

• Spanish Conquistador

• His soldiers occupied Western New World lands where the Acoma people lived

The Acoma War

• This tribe resisted an order to and over supplies they needed to survive for the winter

• This tribe killed several Spanish soldiers, including Onate’s nephew

• Onate’s forces responded by killing more than 800 native people, putting survivors in trial, and enslaving the remaining members of the tribe

Jua de Onate & the Acoma War - Context

As European demands on native people grew, these peoples sought to protect their beliefs, practices, resources, and independence

Maroon Communities - Content

• Africans who escaped from slavery in the New World and established independent communities - frequently in the Caribbean

• Members of this group tried to preserve memories of Africa by continuing certain traditions

• the Palamares established Brazil

• Controlled large areas of Jammaca’s interiro 

Maroon Communities - Context

Many enslaved Africans kept their traditions or adapted their culture to ten New World and to maintain their identity