Industrialization and the Rise of Mass Democracy:

Andrew Carnegie, “The Gospel of Wealth

•  Argues that wealthy individuals have a responsibility to use their fortunes for the public good through philanthropy, acting as trustees for the poor.

Henry George, Progress and Poverty

 Examines the paradox of increasing poverty alongside economic progress, arguing that the problem lies in the private ownership of land and proposing a single tax on land values.

Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life:

•  Argues for a stronger national government and Hamiltonian means (national power) to achieve Jeffersonian ends (democratic opportunity and social justice), advocating for Progressive reforms.

Theodore Roosevelt, The New Nationalism

•  Outlines a progressive political philosophy advocating for increased government regulation of the economy, social justice, and conservation, emphasizing the power of the executive.