Patho/Pharm Exam 1 Blueprint

Stress Response and Safety, Pain and Inflammation, Infection

physiologic stress

involves enlargement of the adrenal gland

decreased lymphocyte levels in the blood from damaged lymphatic structures of the immune system

development of bleeding ulcers in the stomach and duodenal lining

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

nonspecific stress response

3 specific stages of GAS

alarm stage, adaptation stage, exhaustion stage

physiological response to stress include:

increased heart rate

blood supply of oxygen and glucose to muscles and the brain

elevated respiration

dilation of pupils

inhibition of gastric secretions

where does the blood supply of oxygen during the stress response move to?

muscles and the brain

alarm stage

emergency reaction that prepares to fight or flee from threat. Involves the secretion of hormones and catecholamines.

adaptation stage (resistance)

continued mobilization of the body’s resources to cope and overcome a sustained challenge

exhaustion stage

the body’s physiologic and immune systems no longe effectively cope with the stressor and marks the onset of diseases.

disease of adaptation

Stress persists unabated, and adaptation remains unsuccessful. Body organs that are weak, such as the heart and kidneys, may no longer function and lead to death.

another word for the exhaustion stage

allostatic overload

reactive physiologic response

accelerated heart rate and dry mouth

the adrenal cortex releases which glucocorticoid?

cortisol

what does cortisol do during stress?

elevates glucose and promotes immune suppression

what is the function of aldosterone

regulates water and sodium

catecholamines

epi and norepi (adrenaline); neurotransmitter

The adrenal gland begins what process?

Negative Feed Back

what glands are apart of the negative feedback back process?

hypothalamus

pituitary gland

adrenal gland

the hypothalamus releases

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

the pituitary gland releases

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

the adrenal glands releases

cortisol, aldosterone, catecholamines

what are the nursing actions dealing with stress

Monitor vital signs

assesses the immune response

manage the pain

psychosocial support

pharmacokinetics

how medication travels through the body; a variety of biochemical process that result in absorption, metabolism, and excretion.

absorption

transmission of medications from the location of administration to the bloodstream.

distribution

the transportation of medications to sites of action by bodily fluids; factors influencing distribution include: circulation, permeability of the cell membrane, and plasma protein binding.

metabolism

changes medications into less active or inactive forms by the action of enzymes. This process primarily occurs in the liver, but also takes place in the kidneys, lungs, intestines, and blood.

excretion

Elimination of medications from the body, primarily through the kidneys

medications with a low therapeutic index

require close monitoring of medication levels

medications with high therapeutic index

do not need routine blood medication level monitoring

anti-platelet most commonly used in the hospital

aspirin

white blood cells; key cells involved in the inflammation process

neutrophils

a key part of inflammation and healing

primarily secreted by macrophages but is also released by mast cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes.

tumor necrosis factor