Anatomy Exam 1

anatomical position

upright, feet parallel, head/eyes forward, palms forward.

Use so radius and ulna do not overlap, and to create a standard frame of reference

Sagittal plane

median plane - divides body into right and left

midsagittal plane

divides body into EQUAL right and left portions

coronal/frontal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior portions

anterior

in front of, towards front surfacep

posterior

in back of, towards back surface

dorsal

towards the back side of the human body

ventral

towards the belly side of the human body

superior

closer to the head

inferior

closer to the feet

cranial

at the head end

caudal

at the rear or tail end

rostral

toward the nose or mouth

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

ipsilateral

on the same side

contralateral

on the opposite side

deep

on the inside, internal to another structure

superficial

on the outside, external to another structure

proximal

closest to point of attachment to trunk

distal

furthest from point of attachment to trunk

cephalic region

head

orbital

eye

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

mental

chin

frontal

forehead

occipital

back of head

cervical region

neckt

thoracic region/thorax

chest

pectoral region

chest

mammary region

breast

sternal

breastbone/sternum

axillary region

armpit

abdominal region

located inferior to diaphragm and superior to pelvic brim of hip bones (below chest)

pelvic region

inferior to abdominal region, between hip bones

deltoid

shoulder

brachial

arm (between elbow and wrist)

carpal region

wrist

manus

hand

palmar

palm (front side)

dorsum

back of hand

femoral region

thigh (from hip to knee)

patellar region

front of knee (anterior)

popliteal region

posterior of knee

crural region

leg: from knee to ankle

pedal region

foot

plantar

sole (bottom of foot)d

dorsum

top of foot

body cavities

enclosed spaces within the body, contain organs with related functions

cranial cavity contains…

brain

also called ENDOCRANIUM

vertebral canal

opening formed by vertebral (spinal) column.

Contains spinal cord

pleural cavities

lungs

mediastinum

area between lungs

pericardial cavity

heart

abdominal cavity

contains digestive organs

pelvic cavity

contains internal reproductive organs and urinary bladder

serous membrane

composed of tissue and either cover or support organs or line walls of some body cavities. Secrete serous fluid

serous fluid

lubricant for organs to float and move freely in body

parietal layer

lines internal surface of body wall

visceral layer

covers external surface of organs

serous cavity

potential space between parietal and visceral layers

pleura

lungs

parietal pleura

lines thoracic wall

plasma membrane (cell membrane)

surrounds the cell and gives it form

cytosol

fluid portion of cytoplasm

organelles

tiny subcellular structures that perform specific functions for the cell

cytoplasm consists of

cytosol and organelles

nucleus

contains genetic material (DNA)

composition of plasma membrane

double layer of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, glycocalyx

Selectively permeable!

microvilli

folds that increase membrane surface area for better absorption/secretion.

cilia

longer hairlike projecrtions that move substances over the cell’s surface

mitochondria

makes ATP, contains own DNA (mtDNA inherited from oocyte)

ribosomes

involved in protein synthesis

free ribosomes

make proteins for the cell itself

bound ribosomes

attached to rough ER, make proteins for plasma membrane or protein to be exported out of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

network of tubules used to transport and synthesize materials

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

has ribosomes on walls, synthesizes and distributes proteins

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

has no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids (esp steroid hormones), detoxifies drugs/alcohols/poisons

golgi apparatus

flattened, smooth, membranous sacs (cisternae) w small ‘vesicles’.

Accepts, sorts, packages materials from rough ER

common in secretory cells (ex goblet cells, which secrete mucus)

lysosomes

contain digestive enzymes (garbagemen)

Tay-Sachs disease: missing lysosomal enzymec

centrioles

paired structures involved in cell division

nuclear envelope

surrounds nucleus

chromatin

DNA is in this form when the cell is not dividing

nucleolus

some nuclei have - makes the subunits that form RIBOSOMES

found in cells with a high protein synthesis rate

interphase

cell grows and functions, not dividing. DNA in form of chromatin and is duplicated during this time

mitotic phase

dna in form of chromosomes, cell dividing into 2 identical daughter cells

mitosis

division of nucleus

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm

homologous chromosomes

one of each pair from each parent. contain genes that code for the same cellular functions

sister chromatids

each of the 2 genetically identical copies of a replicated chromosome, attached at the centromere

prophase

replicated DNA condenses to form replicated chromosomes

each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids joined at centromere

centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell

spindle fibers extend from centrioles to chromatids

breakdown of nuclear envelope

lab: look for chromosomes appearing as THREADS within nucleus

metaphase

chromosomes align along center of cell, spindle fibers extend from centrioles. nuclear envelope disassembled

anaphase

spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at centromere, sister chromatids pulled to opp. ends of cell, each chromatid a ‘single chromosome’

telophase

2 identical cells start to form, nuclear envelope reforms around each nucleus

cleavage furrow develops, cytokinesis begins

replicated chromosome

double sranded chromosomes

2 sister chromatids joined at centromere

chromosome that has already been duplicated

2 copies of dna

single chromosome

single stranded chromosome

1 chromatid, not replicated

axial skeleton

bones in head, neck, torso

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower limb bones and girdles that hold limbs in place