HAP EXAM 2

Which statement about tissues is correct?

A) Tissues are always in the form of sheets of cells.

B) All the organs of an organ system are composed of a single tissue type.

C) A tissue is composed of a single type of cell.

D) An organ combines several different tissues.

E) Tissues are microscopic, and invisible to the naked eye.

Where is the tissue level of organization?

between cells and organs

The study of tissues is called

histology

Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories?

A) muscle tissue

B) neural tissue

C) osseous tissue

D) connective tissue

E) epithelial tissue

Which of the four basic tissue types form coverings or linings of organs?

epithelial tissue

Neural tissue

carries information from one part of the body to another.

Any substance that enters or leaves your body must cross

epithelial tissue

The tissue that always has an apical and a basal surface is ________ tissue.

epithelial

Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except

A) attachment.

B) avascularity.

C) regeneration.

D) polarity.

E) extracellular matrix.

Epithelial cells that line the small intestine transport nutrients into the body. Directional

transport is associated with the epithelial tissue property of

polarity

Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption usually have ________ at their free surface.

microvilli

Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do

not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This

tissue is a type of

epithelium

An epithelial cell can be divided into two functional regions. They are the ________ and the

basal surface.

apical

The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the

gap junction

A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between

cells is called a(n)

tight junction

Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of

proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are

called

desmosomes

________ are proteins that connect adjacent cells at a gap junction.

connexins

In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of

cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?

desmosomes

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

a basement membrane

Germinative cells

divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.

Cells that are flat and thin are classified as

squamous

The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are

simple and stratified

The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as

mesothelium

The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as

simple squamous

An example of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium would be

exposed skin

The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is

absorption and secretion

Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach?

simple columnar epithelium

Transitional epithelium is found

lining the urinary bladder

You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the

trachea

The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes

exfoliative cytology

Gland cells produce

secretions

Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.

endocrine

The pancreas produces ________ secretions that include digestive enzymes and hormones,

respectively.

exocrine and endocrine

Unicellular exocrine glands secrete

mucus

A gland formed by cells arranged in a one blind pocket with a single unbranched duct would

be called

simple tubular

Which of the following glands have a compound rather than a simple structure?

salivary glands

Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are ________ glands.

Holocrine

The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________

secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells.

apocrine

Glands whose secretions contain mucins are classified as

mucous glands

Epithelial tissue is always attached to which other major tissue type?

connective tissue

The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as

matrix

The three categories of connective tissues are

connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.

Which tissue is correctly paired with its category of connective tissue?

lymph-fluid connective tissue

Which of the following tissues are classified as "connective tissue proper"?

1. areolar connective tissue

2. adipose tissue

4. dense irregular connective tissue

Blood is which type of tissue?

connective

Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen?

fibroblasts

Cells that store fat are called

adipocytes

Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are

mesenchymal cells

Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are

macrophages

In areolar connective tissue,_______ cells release histamine to stimulate inflammation

mast

Antibodies are produced by

plasma cells

Two types of microphages include

neutrophils and eosinophils

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

collagen, reticular, and elastic

The viscous component of connective tissue matrix is called

ground substance

Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways except

providing strong connections between muscles and bones.

Wharton’s jelly is a form of

mucous connective tissue

The color distinction between white fat and brown fat exists because brown fat

is highly vascular

If an obese person loses weight, a factor that increases the risk of regaining the weight is

the adipose cells do not die but merely shrink, so they can easily store lipid again.

The internal framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is

made up of ________ tissue.

reticular tissue

A tissue that provides strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many

directions is

dense irregular connective tissue

The dominant type of extracellular protein fiber in dense connective tissue is

collagen

Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except

areolar tissue

Which kind of connective tissue has collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other?

dense regular connective tissue

Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large

volume of fluid ground substance, with a wide variety of cell types. This tissue would most

likely have come from the

superficial fascia between skin and muscle

The framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the

superficial fascia

Which of the following refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle and

blends with the tendon?

deep fascia

The watery fluid component of blood is called

plasma

The three kinds of formed elements in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and

platelets

What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood?

erythrocyte

Lymphocytes can develop into cells that secrete defense proteins against disease. These cells

are termed ________, while these proteins are called antibodies.

plasma cells

Defense cells in blood are called white blood cells or

leukocytes

The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are plasma, interstitial

fluid, and

lymph

Which blood vessels have porous walls that allow water and small solutes to seep through?

capillaries

Interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel is called

lymph

How can cartilage maintain its function even though it is avascular?

Nutrients and waste products diffuse through the cartilage's matrix.

Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of

cartilage

A tissue with a firm gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is

cartilage

Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by ________ that blocks the growth of blood vessels.

chondrocytes

Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous

perichondrium

The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage.

hyaline

Which type of connective tissue is found in the trachea and between the ribs and sternum?

hyaline cartilage

The auricle, or outer ear, contains

elastic cartilage.

A herniated disc is an injury of the pads of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from normal position. What type of cartilage is affected?

fibrous

Growth of cartilage by accumulation of new matrix around chondrocytes that are embedded in existing matrix is called ________ growth.

interstitial

In ________ growth, cartilage grows wider or thicker in diameter.

appositional

Osseous tissue is also called

bone

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to

bone

Unlike cartilage, bone

undergoes remodeling throughout life.

Tendons and ligaments attach to the ________ of bone.

periosteum

Epithelia and connective tissues combine to form ________ that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body.

tissue membranes

The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the

lamina propria.

Tissue membranes combine

epithelial and connective tissue

Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?

mucous

Which of the following membranes covers the surface of visceral organs?

serous

The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of

serous membranes

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the

peritoneum

The term transudate describes fluid associated with

serous membrane

Which type of tissue membrane is characteristically dry?

cutaneous

The fluid that lubricates movable joints is produced by

synovial membrane.

Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.

muscle