WH FALL FINAL 2025

According to Plato, what was the ideal form of government?

Rule by philosopher-kings (a wise, educated elite).

Which feature of modern Western democratic government reflects Aristotle's views?

Rule of law (laws over individual leaders).

What concepts from classical Athens are central to Western political thought today?

Democracy, citizen participation, equality before the law.

What is the meaning of Aristotle's quote about justice and law?

Justice and law create order and stability in society.

What key document is the source for the ideas outlined in the Japanese Constitution?

The U.S. Constitution.

How do Jewish and Christian beliefs differ from the Greco-Roman tradition?

They emphasize morality, ethics, and divine law over politics and reason.

What Hebrew code focused more on morality and ethics?

The Ten Commandments.

What was the first Roman collection of written laws?

The Twelve Tables.

In which document is the principle of limitation of governmental power first stated?

The Magna Carta.

What was the result of the English Civil War?

Parliament gained power over the monarchy.

What is the right of habeas corpus?

Protection against unlawful imprisonment.

What is a constitutional monarchy?

A monarchy limited by a constitution or laws.

Why is the federal government of the U.S. divided into three different branches?

To prevent abuse of power (checks and balances).

In what part of the U.S. Constitution is the principle of consent of the governed best exemplified?

The Preamble ("We the People").

How did Montesquieu most influence the U.S. Constitution?

Separation of powers.

What was America's first national government after the Revolution?

The Articles of Confederation.

How are the principles of the American Revolution and the French Revolution similar?

Liberty, equality, popular sovereignty.

What was the impact of the Enlightenment?

Challenged traditional authority; promoted reason and individual rights.

Which philosopher's ideas were the basis for the Virginia Declaration of Rights?

John Locke.

What provision in the U.S. Bill of Rights exemplifies the impact of Cesare Beccaria?

Protection against cruel and unusual punishment (8th Amendment).

What document best exemplifies the natural rights philosophy?

The Declaration of Independence.

How were the ideas of Voltaire incorporated into U.S. government?

Freedom of speech and religion.

What were the causes of the French Revolution?

Inequality, debt, heavy taxation, Enlightenment ideas.

What were members of the Third Estate attempting to do with the Tennis Court Oath?

Create a constitution for France.

Which document stated that 'men are born and remain free and equal in rights'?

Declaration of the Rights of Man.

What event first showed popular protest in the French Revolution?

Storming of the Bastille.

How was the French Revolution different from the American Revolution?

It became violent and radical.

What enabled Napoleon to seize control of France?

Political instability and strong military leadership.

What was the Napoleonic Code?

A uniform legal system emphasizing equality before the law.

How did Admiral Nelson win the Battle of Trafalgar?

Used superior naval tactics to break enemy lines.

How did the Congress of Vienna suppress nationalism?

Restored monarchies and old borders.

What was the Concert of Europe?

An alliance to maintain peace and stop revolutions.

Who led South American independence inspired by Enlightenment ideas?

Simón Bolívar.

Which social class led South American revolutions?

Creoles.

Which Mexican priest called for rebellion against Spain?

Miguel Hidalgo.

Which social class led Mexico's independence with Indians?

Mestizos.

What was the Industrial Revolution?

Shift from hand production to machine-based factory production.

How did agricultural changes help industrialization?

Increased food supply and freed workers.

Why was England first to industrialize?

Natural resources, capital, stable government, colonies.

Why was Louis Pasteur's germ theory important?

Improved public health and medicine.

What historical era does the Dickens quote describe?

The Industrial Revolution.

What caused Birmingham's population growth?

Urbanization.

Why did labor unions develop?

To improve wages and working conditions.

How did businesses increase output?

Machines, factories, and division of labor.

What trade system was the Atlantic slave trade part of?

The Triangular Trade.

How did Europe respond to cotton shortages during the Civil War?

Grew cotton in India and Egypt.

What artistic movement reacted against Classicism?

Romanticism.

What were the three factors of production?

Land, labor, capital.

How did crop rotation increase yields?

Prevented soil exhaustion.

What was the first industrialized region?

Great Britain.

What societal changes resulted from industrialization?

Urbanization, new social classes, child labor.

What is collective bargaining?

Negotiation between workers and employers.

What was Henry Ford's key contribution?

Assembly line production.

What is laissez-faire?

Government non-intervention in the economy.

What economic system is based on private ownership for profit?

Capitalism.

According to utilitarianism, what should government policies do?

Benefit the greatest number of people.

What policies did socialists support?

Government control of key industries.

What are the ideals of Romanticism?

Emotion, nature, imagination, individualism.

Impressionism reacted against which movement?

Realism.

What were European motives for imperialism?

Economic gain, nationalism, religion, competition.

What is Social Darwinism?

Belief that stronger nations should dominate weaker ones.

What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference?

Divide Africa among European powers.

What was the goal of dividing Africa among European powers?

To establish control over the continent.

How were African boundaries defined by the late 1800s?

Artificial and arbitrary.

Why was India referred to as the 'jewel in the crown'?

It was Britain's most valuable colony.

What was the impact of the Great Salt March?

It strengthened Indian nationalism.

Why did Europeans seek colonies in the Pacific Rim?

For trade access and raw materials.

What were the economic benefits of annexing Hawaii?

It favored U.S. businesses.

What was the purpose of the Open Door Policy?

To ensure equal trade access in China.

What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?

To prevent European colonization in the Americas.

Who was the Asian leader that modernized to maintain independence?

King Mongkut of Siam.

What motivated nations to seek colonies by 1900?

Resources, markets, and power.

What enabled Japan to become an imperialist nation?

Industrialization and economic growth.

Why was the Suez Canal referred to as the 'Lifeline of the Empire'?

It provided a fast route to India.

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A Chinese uprising in 1900.

What caused the collapse of China's empire in 1912?

Failure to modernize and foreign pressure.

Why did Gandhi advocate for nonviolence?

For moral resistance and mass unity.

What distinguished Ethiopia and Liberia from other African nations by 1914?

They remained independent.

Why was the Triple Entente formed?

For mutual defense against Germany.

What does militarism refer to?

The glorification of military power.

What event in Sarajevo triggered WWI?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

What were the major causes of WWI?

Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism (M.A.I.N.).

What region was referred to as Europe's 'powder keg'?

The Balkans.

Which nations were involved in the naval arms race?

Britain and Germany.

What did the term 'total war' refer to?

The complete mobilization of resources for war.

What is unrestricted submarine warfare?

Attacking all ships without warning.

Why were they called the Central Powers?

Due to their central location in Europe.

Which countries were Allies by 1915?

Britain, France, Russia, Italy.

What was the first major German defeat in WWI?

The Battle of the Marne.

What prompted the U.S. to enter WWI?

Submarine attacks and the Zimmermann Telegram.

What was the impact of Russia's participation in WWI?

It led to revolution and withdrawal.

What new weapons were introduced in WWI?

Machine guns, poison gas, tanks, submarines.

What was the impact of alliances on WWI?

They turned a regional conflict into a world war.

What caused tension between France and Germany?

The issue of Alsace-Lorraine.

Why did Britain declare war on Germany?

Germany invaded Belgium.

Why was the Western Front area limited?

Due to trench warfare stalemate.

What was the purpose of the Schlieffen Plan?

To defeat France quickly, then focus on Russia.

What was the impact of U.S. entry into WWI?

It boosted Allied morale and manpower.

How was propaganda used to portray Germans?

As brutal and inhuman.

What effect did WWI have on Russia's empire?

It led to the collapse of the monarchy.