Period 6: 1865 - 1898 | Part III

Society and Politics of the Gilded Age

how does industrialization create the circumstance for reform and the reformer?

• industrialization led to the exploitation of labor and horrible living conditions

• industrialization led to a larger middle class who became the main reformers

one of the early reform efforts was settlement houses. explain it.

• common centers committed to helping victims of urban-industrialization

• workers were affluent college-educated women

• services provided to improve the lives of slum dwellers

what are some examples of settlement houses?

• Jane Addams: Hull House

• Lillian Wald: St. Settlement

what was the Social Gospel Movement? (another early reform effort)

• expressed social conscience of the Protestant middle class

• Christian values should apply to social actions to solve problems

another early reform effort were institutional churches. explain.

• less dogmatic and more devoted to social reform regardless of religion

• addressed needs of poor

what are some examples of institutional churches?

• YMCA

• Salvation Army

how was Social Darwinism overturned as justification for business tactics and treatment of the lower class?

progress can be a result of cooperation instead of competition

explain Lester Frank Ward’s Dynamic Sociology.

• Social Darwinism overlooked the ability to reason

• potential lost because of suffering and unequal treatment

• more opportunities needed

• government needs to be an agent of progress

• cooperation > competition

explain Henry Damarest Lloyd’s “Wealth Against Common Wealth”.

• critic of Standard Oil and monopolistic practice

• Cooper over competition for increased progress

• wealthy only interested in money and making more money

explain Thorstein Veblen’s “The Theory of the Leisure Class”.

• concept of conspicuous consumption

• wealthy consumed time non-productively

Lloyd and Veblen found ___ ___ be the basis of social problems.

property ownership

critics of industrialization debate whether social progress was determined by ___ or ___.

nature; nurture

industry opened new opportunities for what? what is an effect?

• social mobility and increased standard of living

• people are more concerned with improving the world around them because of this

what are some organizations made to make things better?

• Humane Society

• Sierra Club

• ASPCA

spread of public education reflected what?

attempt to Americanize immigrant children and instill discipline and morality

___ ___ more popular among increases in college enrollment.

secondary schools

other schools such as what are on the rise?

Ph.D, graduate, and professional

___ of professionals was important now

licensing

public demanded better and boarder opportunities. where did this result from?

modernization of society in a new market system (capitalism)

what started the Women Movement? what are some key aspects of the Women Movement?

• industrialization started it

• pursuit of liberation

• rebelling against Victorian standards

• proper “spheres”

women employment increased to about 4 million around 1890. what are some jobs they occupied?

• domestic work

• teaching

• nursing

• factory jobs

• telephone operator

• bookkeeper

• secretarial positions

employment lead to what? what did that lead to? what did that lead to? (this is vague but just think of it as a timeline)

1. employment

2. economic independence

3. liberation

4. sexual freedom

women’s colleges were founded with the ___ ___ as men’s schools.

same standards

how did a new morality rise?

• divorce rates increased

• number of children decreased

• women learning how to avoid becoming pregnant

who was Victoria Woodhull?

• promoted “free love”

• free from confines of church and state

• sexual liberation

what was an organization found to advocate for women suffrage?

National Women Suffrage Association

what was a big obstacle to women suffrage? what were results of women’s suffrage movements in the South?

• toxic masculinity

• racism and ways of old South still there

what did women do to continue to involve themselves in during the industrial age?

• reform movements

• social actives

• employment opportunities

there was changes in ___, but the continuation of ___ ___.

education; Social Darwinism

Darwinism heavily influenced ___ and ___ movements. why?

• intellectual; artistic

• because it was an explanation of how and why

• search of truth and reality

what benefits result from this approach to understanding phenomena?

• better education — better critical thinking —- better understanding

• medicine — better understanding of the body — better healthcare

Darwin’s theory was accept as what?

basis of biology

what medical things were discovered during this time?

germs, aspirin, x-rays, and aseptic surgery

why was anatomy studied more freely?

restrictions (like religion) were gone

because there was a more invested approach to acquire knowledge of the mind and body, what happened?

medicine and medical treatment advanced

Darwin’s natural selection impacted..?

all fields of thought, especially religions as it challenged its certainty and teachings

how did they move towards reaching a concrete reality?

• looking to the past for answers

• humanity’s nature vs. the nurturing forces of society

what is pragmatism?

• philosophy influenced by the evolutionary principle

• practice approach to philosophy

• truth must arise from observation and testing of new ideas

who were 2 pragmatists?

• William James: “Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking”

• John Dewey: “Instrumentalism” — instruments should explain things and curriculum should focus on science, history, math and geography

academic exploration continued to contrast with what?

ongoing conflict between humanity’s nature and nurturing forces of society

what is this conflict between nature and nurture?

whether people are shaped by biology (Social Darwinism) or by their environment and opportunities

Darwinism also influences…?

literature and arts as an attempt to capture concrete reality and explain behavioral instincts

what’s the local color movement?

• regionalism/nationalism were a prominent genre

• use of regional dialects and norms to explain behavior and presence of nostalgia of old values

what are two examples of people who use local color in their literature?

• Mark Twain: “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” — sound mind (good person) vs. deformed conscience (going to hell for saving a slave)

• Kate Chopin: “The Awakening” — only freedom for women is in death during this time

what’s naturalism?

humanity as prey to natural forces without full knowledge of them

what are some examples of naturalists?

• Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser

• best known for naturalism and outrage of human misery

what is an example of realism that came to America? what is a school established because of this?

• impressionism

• Ashcan School of Art in New York City

what is impressionism? examples.

• recreations of portraits and depictions of a modern, urban world

• painting “out of doors”

• Singer Sargents and Mary Cassatt

___ and ___ collide to promote new identity in American culture.

realism; modernism

industrialization leads to what? that leads to what? that leads to what? (again vague, but think about relaxing)

1. industrialization

2. leisure time

3. increased standard of living

4. more leisure time

what were some typical middle class leisure activities?

• chess

• backgammon

• singing around the piano

• department stores

what were some entertainment establishments for leisure time?

• amusement parks

• circus

• vaudeville: variety of shows

• wild west shows: Buffalo Bill’s

what were some outdoor recreations?

• parks

• Central Park — Frederick Law Olmsted

• bicycling

• croquet

• tennis

spectator sports were the most popular as they were a union of what?

all social classes and ethnicities

sports were a ___ ___.

cultural phenomenon