Chapter 1 - Early Modern Changes Notes

Early Middle Ages 500-1000

Formation of Europe

High Middle Ages 1000-1250

Secular civilization

Late middle ages 1250-1500

The church

Why was Charlemagne important?

742 - 1114, union of church and state, bring Europe to a single entity, declared Roman Empire “father of Europe”

Feudalism

A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Feudalism: The manor

Most people live in a small community which consists of a castle, a church, the village and surrounding farm land. Protected by a central master

Feudalism: economy

Peasants work on the land (3 field system)

Tithe

1/10 tax on your assets given to the church

The crusades

1095-1270, 8 official crusades to recapture Jerusalem, Brings Turks back into the fold, claims in leadership, travel, dispose of bad knights, young sons earn fiefs.

Edward III

had claims to the French throne after Charles IV but it was given to Phillip of Valois instead

French effects of HYW

National taxes, standing army, stronger monarchy (unified France

English Effects of HYW

Strengthened Navy, national identity strengthened with hatred of the French

Unam Sanctum

1302 Pope Boniface VIII - spiritual over temporal leaders, clergy pay no taxes (caused Babylonian captivity)

Babylonian Captivity

1302-1378 Phillip the Fair IV of France send soldiers to get Boniface who dies of Fright, College cardinals elect a new Pope (Clement V) and they are moved to Avignon

The Great Schism of the West

2 Popes - Clement VII at Avignon supported by the French and Urban at Rome supported by most of England and Germany

William Langland

writes Piers Plowman about how the Church is corrupted and hypocritical.

John Wyclif

a Lollard, translates bible into English, says he doesn’t need church for salvation (1380’s)

John Huss

Czech similar to Wyclif.

Council of Pisa

1409, depose both popes and add another now there are 3 popes

Council of Constance

1414, goals were to crush the heretics (killed huss and wyclif) and the Schism (Martin V), and reform the church.

Renaissance

rebirth, reforms, life/imagination, philosophy, quattrocento, modern, secular thought process.

Humanism

the study of man, confidence, and the classics

Secularism

church not in control of everything

Individualism

people recognized for merits

Rationalism

using work and observations

virtu

ideal man and to be the best

Merchant oligarchies

independent of Rome and the Popes, and HRE

Most influential cities in the renaissance

Milan, Florence, Venice, Naples, Papal States

Filippo Brunelleschi

commissioned to build cathedral dome, used unique architectural techniques, studied the buildings of Greeks and Romans,

Petrarch

Father of the Renaissance, famous for writing (though exiled), moral philosophy

Boccaccio

Decameron - tales to entertain and teach

Brunni

chancellor and wrote the history of Florence

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

looked for aspects of truth beyond what was revealed in the Christian scripture.

Castiglione

The courtier - book of manners

Machiavelli

wrote the prince (1514)

Medieval Art

Religious subjects, 2D, created “ideal” people

Renaissance Art

Religious and secular subjects, realistic portrayal of people

Renaissance Art Characteristics

Realism and expression, Perspective, Pyramid configuration, Classicism, Emphasis of Individualism, Chiarascuro (contrast)

Michelangelo

Pieta, David, the last judgement, Sistine chapel

Leonardo Da Vinci

Mona Lisa, the last supper, an equestrian statue, architect, biologist, anatomy, inventor, engineer,

Raphael

School of Athens,

Donatello

Gattamelata, Bronze David

Masaccio

expulsion from the Garden, the trinity

Italy Renaissance

change inspired by humanism with emphasis on revival of classical antiquity

Northern Renaissance

change driven by religious reform, return to Christian values, revolt against authority of the church, gothic art, fewer centers of commerce.

Erasmus

Praise of Folly, handbook of a Christian knight, on civility in children

Sir Thomas Moore

Utopia

Rabelais

Gargantua and Pantagruel (fiction)

Shakespeare

Romeo and Juliet, etc.

Cervantes

Don Quixote

Jan Van Eyck

Flemish painter of the low country

Hieronymus Bosch

seven deadly sins and four last things

Pieter Brueghel the Elder

Hunters in the snow, harvesters

Albrecht Durer

known for watercolor and wood engravings

Hans Holbein the Younger

left family to paint, Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII

The New Monarchies

Rulers of the 15th century and on who utilized aggressive political methods to rebuild and maintain their governments.

Characteristics of New Monarchies

unification and consolidation of a nation, control or reform of legal system, solidifying of hereditary monarchy, suppression of opposition ex. nobility, Guarantees of domestic peace

Prince Henry the Navigator

15th century NW Africa

Bartholomew Dias

1488 South Africa

Vasco da Gama

1498 Malabar Coast (SW coast of India)

Conquistadores

Spanish soldiers, explorers, adventurers that controlled the Americas

Line of Demarcation

1494, globe divided by imaginary norths and south line.