Exam 4

Base

are substances which release ions that combine with hydrogen ions (OH-)

Compensation

represents resistance to a pH shift during an acid-base imbalance

Acidosis

decrease in the pH of body fluids below 7.35

Alkalosis

Increase in the pH of body fluids above 7.45

Acid

Substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions

Buffer

substance that can react with a strong acid or base to form a weaker acid or base, and thus resist a change in pH

Gamete

A reproductive cell that fuses with another during fertilization, contributing half of the genetic material for a new organism. sperm and egg (oocyte).

Synnapsis

pairing of homologous chromosomes

spermatagonium

the starting cell entering meiosis will produce 4 new sperm not true for production or oogenesis

Gubernaculum

aids testes descent through the inguinal canal

Sperm

the male gametes produced in the testes that are involved in fertilization.

crossover

occurs; exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

oogensis

the process of forming ova or egg cells in the ovaries. q

Tunica albugina

tough fibrous capsule enclosing each testis

Oocyte

the female gamete or egg cell involved in reproduction, which develops from the process of oogenesis.

Chromosome

a structure within cells that contains DNA and carries genetic information.

Testes

primary male sex organ, sperm cell producing organ

Cells of Leydig

lie between seminiferous tubules; produce and secrete testosterone

Meiosis

a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four haploid cells, typically in the formation of gametes.

Chromatid

one longitudinal half of a replicated chromosome, resulting from DNA replication.

Spermatozoa

where both sperm cells and testosterone are produced

Seminiferous tubules

highly coiled tubules inside lobules

Sertoli cells

support developing sperm cells and regulate spermatogenesis.

Epididymis

narrow tightly-coild tubes at the top of each testis, sits between testis and ductus deferens, promotes maturation of sperm cells, and lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium with non-motile cilia

Prostate gland

A gland located below the bladder that produces a fluid that nourishes and protects sperm during ejaculation. (secretes a fluid that contains citrat a nutrient for sperm)

Androgens

hormones that promote male traits and reproductive activity, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. ( interstitial cells of the testes produce most of the androgens, but the adrenal cortex produces a smaller amount, secretions begins during ealry fetal development ad continues weeks after birth)

Corpus luteum

structure that forms from the tissue pf a ruptured ovarian follicle and secretes progesterone ad estrogen

Corona radiata

follicular cells surrounding the zona pellucid of an oocyte

Fimbriae

finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes that help guide the oocyte from the ovary into the tube.

myometrium

layer of smooth muscle tissue in the uterine wall

estrogen

a hormone primarily responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics. ( enlargement of accessory reproductive organs, thickening of the endometrium and secondary sex characteristics)

acrosome

a cap-like structure over the head of a sperm that contains enzymes necessary for fertilization, allowing it to penetrate the egg.

ductus deferens

tube that leads from an epididymis to the urethra of the male reproductive tract

semen

A fluid containing sperm and secretions from the male reproductive organs, necessary for fertilization.

testosterone

A steroid hormone produced primarily in the testes that plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.

corpus albicans

A fibrous scar tissue that forms from the degeneration of the corpus luteum after ovulation, marking the end of its reproductive function.

zona pellucida

thick transparent, noncellular layer surrounding a secondary oocyte

fundus

dome-shaped top

perimetrium

(serosa) covers body of uterus and part of cervix

progesterone

stimulates uterine change during menstrual cycle, affects mammary glands, and regulates secretion of gonadotropins

flagella

Thread-like structures that enable motility in sperm cells and some microorganisms. contains microtubules enclosed in cell membrane and propel sperm toward eggs

seminal vesicles

One of a pair of pouches that adds fructose and prostaglandins to sperm as semen forms

scrotum

pouch of skin in males that encloses the testes

ovary

primary female reproductive organ; oocyte-producing organ

theca externa

(outer vascular layer) connective tissue layer

Graafian follicle

A mature ovarian follicle that contains a developing egg, surrounded by layers of cells, and plays a key role in hormone production and ovulation. (fluid -filled spaces form among the cells which eventually merge into a large cavity called the antrum which is used to identify the mature antral (Graafian) follicle

Hymen

a thin layer of connective tissue and stratified squamous epithelium

Prostaglandin

A group of lipid compounds that have hormone-like effects in various body functions, including inflammation and reproductive processes.

Midpiece (of sperm)

contains many mitochondria which supply ATP for swimming

Cowper’s gland

A pair of glands located below the prostate that secrete a pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates the urethra and helps to neutralize acidity. also known as Bulbourethral gland

Dartos muscle

smooth muscle within subcutaneous tissue, contracts and relaxes in response to temperature change, and for sperm to properly develop they require 5 degress below body temp

Ovarian follicles

tiny masses of cells (where the egg cells can be found)

Theca interna

(inner vascular layer) layer of cells produces steriods

Infundibulum

end closest to the ovary has a funnel-like structure

Endometrium

(mucosa) innermost laye

Vulva

external female reproductive parts that surround the vaginal opening

Menopause

is the stoppage of the female menstrual cycles

cervix

narrow inferior end of the uterus that leads into the vagina

Zygote

cell produced by the fusion of the nuclei of a mature oocyte and a sperm as a result of fertilization

Blastulation

at about 6 day the cyst adhere to the uterine wall and begin the process of impantation

Chorionic villi

projection that extends from the outer surface of the chorion and helps attach an embryo to the uterine wall

Allantois

is the extra embryonic membrane that forms during the 3rd week between the yolk sac and connecting stalk

ectoderm

outermost primary germ layer in the embryo

vertex position

the position of a fetus in the womb where the top of its head is down, indicating readiness for birth.

foramen ovale

opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart

morula

solid ball of 16 cells ( not attached to uterine wall)

implantation

embedding of a blastocyst in the lining of the uterus

amnion

extra embryonic membrane that encircles a fetus and amniotic fluid

gastrula

embryonic stage after the blastula; cells differentiate and aggregate into endoder, mesoderm, and ectoderm

mesoderm

middle primary germ layer of the embryo

teratogen

chemical or other environmental agent that causes a birth defect

parturition

the process of giving birth, which involves a series of physiological changes that result in the delivery of the fetus from the uterus. ( cervix begins to thin and dilate)

Blastomere

cells produced during cleavage

hCG

human chorionic gonadotropin - hormone secreted by an embryo that helps support pregnancy

Amniotic fluid

fluid in the amniotic cavity that surrounds the developing fetus

Gastrulation

the process in embryonic development when the blastula folds inward to create a three-layered embryo

endoderm

innermost primary germ layer in the embyro

ductus venosus

breaks off from the umbilical vein, bypasses the liver and joins the inferior vena cava

colostrum

a thin, watery fluid with proteins and antibodies from mother’s immune system

blastocyst

hollow ball of cells that attaches to the endometrium of the uterus

chorion

extraembrynic membrane that forms the outermost covering around the fetus and contributes to formation of the placenta

yolk sac

membranous sac connected to the embryo that contains stem cell precursors to many cells

neurulation

the process in embryonic development that forms the neural tube, which later develops into the central nervous system. ( by week 4 the neural tube, head and jaw appears and the heart beats along with the limb buds appear this represents the start of _ phase)

organogenesis

during weeks 5-8: the head grows quickly; upper and lower limbs elongate; main internal organs established

ductus arterious

also helps shunt blood from the pulmonary trunk directly into the sack

cleavage

rapid cell divison and distribution of the zygote’s cytoplasm into progessively smaller cells called blastomeres, leading to the formation of a blastula.