ap human unit 4

Annexation

to incorporate territory into an existing political unit

Apartheid

a legal system that was the physical separation of different races into different Geographic areas

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

an organization of countries in Southeast Asia set up to promote cultural, economic, and political development in a region

Autonomous Region

a region of a country that has freedom from an external authority

Balkanization

the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

Boundary Disputes

disagreements between neighbors over their rights to an adjacent resource

Choke Point

a geographical feature on land that an armed force is forced to pass; therefore, greatly decreasing its combat in order to reach its objective

Definitional Dispute

two parties that hold differing interpretations and legal terms of a description of the boundary

Locational Dispute

disputes that arrive when there is a disagreement over where the boundary should be

Operational Dispute

a disagreement on how the boundary functions

Allocational Dispute

a disagreement on how to separate natural resources that are used by two countries

Antecedent Boundary

a boundary that corresponds with a physical land feature and appears prior to human colonization

Subsequent Boundary

a boundary set after people settle or colonize to accommodate cultural differences

Superimposed Boundary

a boundary imposed by a third-party

Relic Boundary

a non-existent boundary after a series of political changes

Delimitation

the process of mapmakers drawing a boundary on a map

Demarcation

border is physically marked on the landscape

Geometric Boundary

a boundary drawn by a grid system, such as longitude or latitude

Buffer State

a neutral country situated between two powerful states

Centrifugal Force

forces that divide people

Centripetal Force

a force that attracts migrants to a location

City-state

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state

Colonialism

taking full control of a country to exercise its resources

Confederation

a form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose

Conference of Berlin (1884)

regulated European colonization and trade in Africa and coincides with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power

Decolonization

colonized territories win independence

Devolution

the transfer or delegation of political power from the central government to a lower subnational level of government

EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)

an area of coastal water and seabed within a certain distance of a country's coastline, to which the country claims exclusive rights to economic activities

EU (European Union)

formed in 1993, the European Union is a group of 28 countries that work together to form an economic and political block

Enclave

a country or part of a country is surrounded by territory from another country

Exclave

a country geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory

Ethnonationalism

a powerful emotional attachment to one's nation that occurs when a minority nation within a state feels different from the rest of the state's people

Ethnic Separation

advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental, or gender separation from the larger group

Federal State

an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government

Geopolitics

The study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur

Gerrymandering

the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefitting the party in power

International Organization

an alliance of two or more countries seeking cooperation with each other without giving up either's autonomy or self-determination

Irredentism

the effort to unite people who share cultural elements, but are divided by a national boundary

Landlocked

a state that is surrounded by land, which creates a disadvantage for economic activities

Multinational State

a state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities

Multistate Nations

a nation that stretches across borders and across states

Nation

a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language

Nation-state

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively culturally homogeneous

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country

Neocolonialism

the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies

Redistricting

the redrawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes

Satellite State

a country that is formally independent in the world, but under heavy political, economic, and military influence or control from another country

Self-determination

a concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Shatterbelt

a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals

Sovereignty

ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states

State

an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs

Stateless Nation

a group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territorially defined, sovereign country of their own

Supranationalism

a venture involving 3 or more national states political, economic, or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

Territorial Disputes

any dispute over land ownership

Territoriality

the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals

Compact Shape

the distance from the center to any boundary is essentially the same

Fragmented Shape

includes several discontinuous pieces of territory

Elongated Shape

an area of land that is long an narrow

Prorupted Shape

a compact shape with a protruding tail or extension

Perforated Shape

a state that completely surrounds another state

UN (United Nations)

an international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation

UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)

defines the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources

Unitary State

a system of political organization in which most of or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government

Voting Districts

includes the wide variety of small polling areas, such as election districts, precincts, or wards, that state and local governments create for the purpose of administrating elections

Defined Boundary

one established by a legal

document, such as a treaty.

Imperialism

To expand an empire or to take control of a territory that was already occupied and organized by an indigenous society.

Core

wealthy, powerful countries (DTM Stages 4 & 5)

Periphery

poor, weak countries (DTM Stage 2)

Semi-periphery

countries that are exploited by core countries, but also exploit peripheral countries (DTM Stage 3)

Legitimacy

recognition of power by other countries

Semiautonomous region

an area inside of a country that has some power to control itself more than other areas in the country

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. March 12, 1947 - December 26, 1991

Physical boundary

(syn natural boundary) a boundary line based on recognizable physiographic features, such as mountains or rivers

Cultural boundary

boundaries that mark breaks in the human landscape based on differences in ethnicity

Ethnographic

relating to the scientific description of peoples and cultures with their customs, habits, and mutual differences.

Consequent boundary

A type of subsequent boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing linguistic, cultural, or religious boundaries

Open boundary

a boundary where crossing is unimpeded

Militarized boundary

A boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing and movement.

Internal boundary

A boundary within a state indicating the presence of a sub-division or province.

Electoral geography

the study of how the spatial configuration of electoral districts and voting patterns reflect and influence social and political affairs

Voting districts

generic term adopted by the Bureau of the Census to include the wide variety of small polling areas, such as election districts, precincts, or wards, that State and local governments create for the purpose of administering elections

Electorate

the citizens eligible to vote

Census

official count of population; taken every 10 years

Reapportionment

the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census

Cracking

spreading voters of one type over many districts where they will comprise minorities that are unable to influence elections

Packing

concentrating partisan voters in a single district in order to maximize the number of representatives that can be elected by the opposition in other districts

Stacking

diluting a minority populated district with majority populations

Hijacking

redrawing two districts in order to force two elected representatives of the same party to run against each other

Kidnapping

moving an area where an elected representative has support to an area where he or she does not have support

Ethnic cleansing

the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.

Terrorism

The systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands.

Subnationalism

Identification with small ethnic and regional groups within a nation.

Globalization

The intensification of worldwide interconnections associated with the increased speed and magnitude of cross-border flows of trade, investment and finance, and processes of migration, cultural diffusion, and communication.

European Union (EU)

(syn Common Market) an economic association established in 1957 by a number of Western European countries to promote free trade among its members

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)

trade treaty among the United States, Canada, and Mexico to lower and eliminate tariffs among the three countries

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

a trade alliance that promotes trade and economic integration among member nations in Southeast Asia

Arctic Council

1996

Members include countries with territory in the Arctic

Promotes sustainable development

Dedicated to protecting the regions environment

organization formed in 2002 to promote unity among African states and to foster development and end poverty