LUNR & MOA

Germany before → impact of world war one

• anger/resentment

• national income was 1/3 of what it was before

• political instability

• standard of living dropped hugely

Germany before → the treaty of Versailles

• 132 billion marks in reparations

• lost Alsace-Lorraine to France and parts of Prussia to Poland

• limited the army to 100,000

• Germany had to accept full blame

Germany before → evidence of political instability

• Freikorps had tried to overthrow the Weimar Republic in the Kapp Putsch

• Spartacist uprising

Germany before → hyperinflation

the reparations led to inflation. the Weimer government attempted to print more money in order to solve the problem but this led to hyperinflation

why did people support the Nazis at first → court and jail

Hitler was sent to jail after the Munich putsch however in court he gained popularity and in jail he wrote his book ‘Mein Kampf’ which brought him even more fame

why did people support the Nazis at first → Great Depression

the great depression occurred in the early 1930s and people were faced with unemployment and poverty so they began to turn to more extreme parties

why did people support the Nazis at first → abolish the treaty

the Nazis promised to abolish the treaty of Versailles which many people were resentful of

why did people support the Nazis at first → Lebensraum

many Germans had had to leave the country because of the treaty, Lebensraum was the idea to bring all Germans together to live

why did people support the Nazis at first → Weimar republic

the Weimar Republic were seen as weak so the Nazis told people they would be strong in order to gain support

why did people support the Nazis at first → communism

in 1917 Russia had a communist revolution. Germany wanted to avoid this so the Nazis promised to destroyed communism

why did people support the Nazis at first → Aryans

the Nazis said that the Aryans were supreme and many people blamed the jews for the war so this appealed to antisemitic ideology at the time

why did people support the Nazis at first → evidence for the Nazi party being strong

• their ideas were popular

• SS was 50,000 strong

• SA was 40,000 strong

what were some threats to Nazi power around 1930

• the Communists

• Germany was still a democracy

the Reichstag fire

in 1933 the Reichstag building was set on fire and a young communist called van der Lubbe was found inside. many believed he was working as part of a wider communist plot even though he claimed he was alone

the Reichstag fire decree

Hitler managed to pass the Reichstag fire Decree which banned communists from the Reichstag, allowing Hitler to have more power

the enabling act

in 1933 Hitler introduced the enabling act, giving him the power to create any law he wished without the support of the Reichstag

why did almost everyone approve the enabling act

the Reichstag building was filled with SA who were threatening people into agreeing to the law

the coalition

the Nazis still didn’t have 2/3rd majority in 1933, so they formed a coalition with the nationalist party to give them 50 more seats so they now had the majority

removal of trade unions

the Nazis feared a trade union strike so they arrested many leaders. instead the German Labour Front was created

removal of the social democrats

in 1933 the Nazis announced the social democrats had been using funds corruptly so they banned the party

in 1933 what were the threats to Hitlers power

• Hindenburg

• the SA

• the justice systems

• local governments

Hitler removing threats to his power → justice systems

Hitler created the People’s court for ‘political offences’. only Nazi judges were chosen and they were corrupt and gave much harsher punishments

Hitler removing threats to his power → local governments

Hitler passed the act for reconstruction of the state which took power from local governments. he also split Germany into 52 Gaue, each run by a Nazi Gauleiter

Hitler removing threats to his power → Hindenburg

Hindenburgs health began to deteriorate so the Act concerning the head of state was passes which merged chancellor and president into one role: FUHRER

how did Hitler become chancellor

Hitler would attend meetings with his supporters and refuse to agree to any new law, so they would not have majority. he continued until Hindenburg made him Chancellor

Hitler removing threats against him → SA

Ernst Rohm and the SA were talking about overtaking the German army so Hitler tasked the SS with making it look like they were planning an uprising

Hitler removing threats against him → night of the long knives

Hitler and Goebbels arrested SA leader, Rohm was killed and Goring arranged the arrest of all the non-Nazis still in the government

when did world war one end

1918

when was the treaty of Versailles

1919

when was the kapp putsch

1920

when was the spartacist uprising

1919

when was the hyperinflation

1919 - 1923

when was the Munich Putsch

8 Nov 1923

when was the great depression

early 1930s

when was the Reichstag fire

1933

when was the enabling act

March 1933

when was the coalition

1933

when was the removal of the social democrats

10 May 1933

when was the peoples court created

1934

when was the act for reconstruction of the state

30 Jan 1934

when was the night of the long knives

June 1934

when was Hitler made chancellor

30 Jan 1933

when was the act concerning the head of state passed

1 Aug 1934

Nazi collaboration → DeVlag

the DeVlag movement in Belgium, 50,000 people helped the Nazis to recruit new members

Nazi collaboration → Coco Chanel

she was friends with some Nazis and some think she became a spy

Nazi accommodation → Greeks

the Greek prime ministers passed the legislation that the Nazis made

Nazi accommodation → Danes

the Danish formed a good relation with the Germans and in return they could keep their government

Nazi resistance → Poles

Polish people helped to rescue around 450,000 Jewish people

Nazi resistance → André Trocmé

he was a French pastor who arranged for 5000 Jewish people to be hidden around his parish. he was arrested but then went into hiding

when was the DeVlag movement

1935 - 1936

when was André Trocmé arrested

1943

what was the Nazi hierarchy of race

• Aryans

• other Europeans

• black people

• Slavic people

• Jewish people were the most hated

how did the Nazis makes people hate Jews

• said the Jews were communists

• blamed losing the war on them

• said Jewish people were profiting from the economic crisis

anti Jewish legislation passed in 1933

Jewish people were excluded from all legal professions

anti Jewish legislation passed in 1935

the Nuremburg laws

what did the Nuremburg laws say

• Jewish people were no longer German citizens

• marriage between a Jewish person and a German became punishable with prison

anti-Jewish legislation passed in 1938

• Jewish children banned from non-Jewish schools

• Jewish people had to have a J on their passport

• Jewish people had to have the middle name ‘Israel’ or ‘Sarah’

anti Jewish legislation passed in 1939

Jewish people had to hand over all valuables to the state

kristallnacht 1938

• 9 Nov Nazis announced if attacks on Jewish people happened they would not be stopped

• 267 synagogues destroyed

• 7500 Jewish establishments looted

• 91 Jewish people murdered

when was boycott of Jewish businesses

1 April 1933

how did the Nazis control schools

• set up their own schools

• did physical and military education in schools

• school selection was based on race

fact which shows that the Nazi schools were not successful

by 1939 only 6173 pupils were schooled here

fact about the Nazi teachers league

97% had joined in 1936

when did membership to Hitler youth become compulsory

1936

Hitler youth 1939

meetings became compulsory and hitler youth became the only place to access sports and activities

why did so many people enjoy being part of Hitler youth

• gave children things that their parents couldn’t

• they were given sports, leisure, uniform, holidays and camps

• were made to feel like they belonged and they were loved

evidence for Hitler youth having a limited impact

• ‘most of us read what students had always read’

• ‘religious families believed Christ is more important than Hitler’

• ‘most of what the leaders said was emotional and inconsistent’

  → Frederick C Tubach

evidence that the workers were happy

1933 law to protect retail trade, increased tax

started a Nazi soup kitchen and the SA pressured people into donating

evidence that the workers were unhappy

Reich entailed farm law, farm owners couldn’t sell

wages were frozen at 1933 levels

when was the german labour front formed

1933

what were the main ideas of the German labour front

• strength through joy (tickets, theatres, gyms)

• beaty through labour (built new workplace facilities)

• Reich labour service (combat unemployment)

how did the Nazis encourage women to stay home

loans only given if the woman gave up her job 1933 - 1937

how did Nazis encourage women to have more children

medals given for having more children

how did Nazis encourage women to not pursue higher education

only 10% of uni students could be female

how did women in employment change 1933 to 1939

women in employment increased

how did marriages change 1932 to 1939

1932: 516,000

1939: 772,000

how did births change 1933 to 1939

births rose in the early years but dropped by 1939

how did women in higher education change 1933 to 1939

fell drastically

when did the Nazis invade poland

Sept 1939

what did the Nazis do first in Poland

split it into 5 regions and incorporated 4 of them into Germany

how many Polish people were killed by the Nazis

1.9 million

how many Jewish poles were killed

3 million

what did the Polish government do

escaped to London in 1939 and formed Delegatura

when was the uprising in Warsaw

Aug 1944 and lasted 2 months

was the uprising in Warsaw successful

no, 200,000 were killed

is Poland eastern or western

eastern

is the Netherlands eastern or western

western

why were the Dutch treated better than the Polish

they were seen as having the same ethnic background as the Germans

example of the Dutch being treated leniently

June 1940 many Dutch wore a white flower for their now exiled royal family but no one was punished

when and why was the Dutch strike

Feb 1941, because 425 Jewish had been rounded up for deportation

when were the first death sentences issued against Dutch citizens

13 March 1941

was the Dutch strike successful

no, many were killed or arrested and from this point the Nazis stopped treating the Dutch leniently

Nazi policies in the Netherlands

1942 April - all Jewish people had to wear the star of David

1943 - Jewish people started being sent to death camps

1944 - all men between 16 and 60 had to do forced labour

how many Jewish in the Netherlands were sent to death camps

76%

when was the Netherlands liberated

5 May 1945

Nazi foreign policy before 1938

• withdrew from the league of nations

• reclaimed Saar

• remilitarised the Rhineland

• made pacts with Poland, Italy and Germany

Nazi policy after 1938

• annexation of Austria

• occupied Czechoslovakia

• German-Soviet

what was the German-Soviet pact

secretly agreed to divide Poland between them

when did Hitler announce the move to war economy

Dec 1939

fact about war economy

almost half the goods produced in 1941 were sent to the military