Classification and Taxonomy

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39 Terms

1
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Why do scientists classify?
\-almost 2 million kinds of organisms on earth

\-need to keep organized so their easier to study

\-once classified, scientists will know a lot about an organism
2
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What is classification?
process of grouping things based on their similarities
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What is taxonomy?
scientific study of how living things are classified
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What did Aristotle do?
\-grouped organisms into 2 kingdoms: Plantae and Animalia

\-system was limited; animals grouped according to size and habitat; plants identified according to 1 of 3 stem types
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What did the invention of microscopes allow scientists to observe?
\-tiny microorganisms eating like animals and photosynthesizing like plants
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What are 3 domains and 6 kingdoms of life?
\-Domain Archae and Kingdom Archaebacteria

\-Domain Bacteria and Kingdom Eubacteria

\-Domain Eukarya and Kingdoms; Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and Protista
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What does Prokaryotic mean?
no nucleus
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What does eukaryotic mean?
nucleus
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What are characteristics of organisms found in the Kingdom of Archaebacteria?
\-single-celled organisms that lack nucleus

\-live in extreme environments

\-includes chemosynthesizers
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What is chemosynthesis?
occurs in bacteria and other organisms and involves the use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food
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What are characteristics of organisms found in the kingdom Eubacteria?
\-single-celled organism that lack nucleus

\-live in wide variety of environments

\-heterotrophic by absorption or autotrophic by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
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What are examples of organisms in kingdom eubacteria?
\-cyanobacteria \n -E. coli

\-Strep \n -Staph
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What are characteristics of organisms found in the kingdom plantae?
\-photosynthesize to make food (autotrophs)

\-most sessile and multicellular

\-complex and specialized cells
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What are examples of organisms found in the kingdom plantae?
\-mosses

\-ferns

\-coniferous plants

\-flowering plants

\-grasses
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What are characteristics of organisms found in the kingdom fungi?
\-obtain nutrients via decomposition (heterotrophs)

\-sessile

\-multicellular or unicellular
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What does sessile mean?
fixed in one place; __immobile__.
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What are examples of organisms from kingdom fungi?
\-mushrooms

\-mould

\-yeast

\-athletes foot
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What are characteristics of organisms found in the kingdom protista?
\-small

\-unicellular or multicellular

\-heterotrophs (ingets food or decomposers)

\-or autotrophs (photosynthesize)
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What are examples of organisms found in the kingdom protista?
Euglena and Amoeba
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Who devised binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus using Latin
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How does Binomial nomenclature break down the classification of an organism?
\-Domain

\-Kingdom

\-Phylum \n -Class \n -Order \n - Family \n -Genus \n -species

\-domain is the broadest and species most specific
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What is a anangram to remember binomial nomenclature?
Danish King Philip Came Over for Spaghetti
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What is binomial nomenclature?
\n -The two-part scientific naming system includes the organism’s Genus (Capitalized and italicized or underlined) and species (lower case and italicized or underlined). \n -The Genus is Capitalized and italicized (or underlined if handwritten) \n - The species is lower case and italicized (or underlined if handwritten).
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What is dichotomous key?
a branched or stepped process that use observable characteristics to identify an organism
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How many choices at each step of dichotomous key?
only 2
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What does a cladogram show?
the most probable sequence of divergence
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Where are shared characteristics used in a cladogram?
between nodes (like a dichotomous keyP
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What are homologous traits due to?
divergent evolution form a common ancestor (aka adpative radiation)
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What are homologous traits?
similar structures but different function
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What are examples of homologous traits?
\-bat wings, whale fins, our arms
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Can homologous traits be used for cladograms?
yes
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What are analogous traits due to?
convert evolution from different ancestors?
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What are analogous traits?
similar function but different structure
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What are examples of analogous traits?
Bird wings and insect wings, shark fins & whale flippers
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Can analogous traits be used for caladogram?
no
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What is a clade?
a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor (alive or extinct)
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What do clades do?
\-Compare primitive traits (those which evolved early on) \n to derived traits (evolved more recently as modifications \n of a previous trait)

\-There is a positive correlation between the number of \n differences between two species and the time since they \n evolved from a common ancesto
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What can clades use for comparison?
physical traits, DNA base sequences, amino acid \n sequences (because anatomical features can be \n analogous – they are now rarely used – DNA & a.a. \n sequences are preferred
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What is the figwort family (snapdragon family)?
\-Now divided into at least six

-Flower shape is convergent evolution – adapted to same types of pollinators

\-Cladistics using genetics helped to split this group up