soc215 final exam

in what decade did immigration significantly increase?

2000-2010

what percent of the us population are immigrants

14%

when did the US admit the most illegal immigrants?

1991-2000

top asian countries of immigration

China, Phillipines, India

how many % of the us population is arab

3\.5%

what percent of arab americans are us citizens

82%

what religion is observed by a slight majority of arab americans, with the exception of…

christianity, dearborn

where do 1/3 of arab americans live

cali, NY, michigan

highly concentrated in metro areas (94%)

* detroit, LA, DC, NY, chicago

six patterns of racial and ethnic relations

extermination (genocide)

continued subjugation

population transfer

legal protection of minorities

pluralism

assimilation

what percent of the us population are white

58%

what percent of the us population are black

12%

what percent of the us population are asian

6%

what percent of the us population are latino

19%

what percent of the us population are native american

1\.3%

what percent of the us population are pacific islander

0\.2%

what races like sunshine and warm weather

blacks in the south, asians, native americans, latinos in the west

what fraction of the latino population are mexican american

2/3 (62%)

cuban americans and puerto ricans are what size of the latino population

a small percentage; #2 and #3

biggest asian groups are…

chinese, indian, filipino (20%)

what % of the native american population is american indian

96%

what % of the native american population is alaskan native

4%

the most common interracial is between…

whites and latinos (40%)

what % of white people claim german ancestry

15%

what % of white people claim irish ancestry

10%

what % of white people claim english ancestry

8%

what % of white people claim italian ancestry

5%

where is the biggest source of legal and illegal immigration to the U.S.

mexico

what % of immigrants come from latin america

54%

what % of immigrants come from asia (including india)

23%

what % of immigrants come from europe/canada

14%

highest median incomes in order of place

Asia, Europe, Africa, the Caribbean, Mexico

Every racial/ethnic group except for Latinos has a roughly ____ high school graduation rate

85%

latino’s high school graduation rate

72%; language barrier

what % of asians graduate college

57%

what % of whites graduate college

35% (1/3)

unemployment rate of blacks

16% (1.5x that of whites)

unemployment rate of whites

9%

what group has the highest rate of poverty and what is the rate

native americans (25%)

Native Americans, blacks, and Latinos are ___ times more likely to be in poverty than whites

2-3x

Blacks are ___ times more likely to be in poverty than whites

2\.5x

what specific groups have the highest average median income

japanese americans, Asian Indians, Whites, Filipino Americans

what specific groups have the lowest level of poverty

filipino americans, Whites, Asian Indians, Vietnamese Americans

The poorest populations are:

Hmong Americans (less than 1% of the US population)

* Mostly in California

Cambodian Americans (less than 1% of the US population)

* Mostly in California

Puerto Ricans

African Americans

Native Americans

Least educated populations:

Hmong, Cambodian, Laotian Americans

* Language barrier

Mexican Americans

Puerto Ricans

legal immigration by country

Mexico, China, India, Phillipines

states with the largest immigrant population

California, NY, Florida, NJ, Texas

races with the highest rate of children in poverty

blacks and latinos

t/f: we are as segregated now as we were in the past

true

do whites or minorities live in more diverse neighborhoods

minorities

does providing correct information have an effect on attitudes toward relevant public policies

no

racial/ethnic inequality

Social arrangements which confer privileges upon \n one group at the expense of another

\n • Privileged group is majority/dominant group \n • Other group is minority or subordinate group

power

refers to the ability of one group or person to \n behave any way they choose even in the face of \n resistance.

\n • the ability to control the behavior of others even \n in the absence of their consent

minority

a group whose members suffer \n oppression and various disabilities at the hands of \n another group

\
Generally have physical or cultural features that \n distinguish them from the dominant group

\
Not necessarily a numerical minority \n

Ascribed membership - born into group generally

majority

the dominant group \n

• Key characteristic: they generally go to great \n lengths to distinguish themselves from the \n minority \n

• Any characteristic which can be used, is. \n

• Another characteristic: they generally attempt to \n justify their superiority on grounds other than \n the superior power.

prejudice

ideology an attitude of aversion or \n hostility toward members of a group

racism

a group ideology used to justify racially organized social order.

\
the belief that different races possess distinct characteristics, abilities, or qualities, especially so as to distinguish them as __inferior__ or superior to one another.

discrimination

behaviors and actions which arbitrarily deny power, privileges and status to members of a group whose qualifications are equal \n to those of the dominant group

race

a genetically isolated group characterized by a \n high degree of in-breeding that leads to distinctive \n gene frequencies.

This is indicated by the presence of hereditary physical characteristics that differentiate group members

ethnicity

similarity of cultural traits and behavior

institutional racism and sexism

Those social arrangements and enduring patterns by which people of one racial or sexual group oppress and exploit the members of another racial (or sex) group

• Behaviors AND Normal ways of operating in our businesses, universities, and in society as a whole, which result in disadvantages for a particular group.

\
can be direct (intentional) or indirect (unintentional)

institutional discrimination

involves complex, multi- facet organizational and societal processes that subtly maintain historical inequities, and that recreate them in every generation of minorities, women, and the poor

extermination- genocide

This is an attempt by the dominant group to remove entirely the minority. This an extreme pattern which is actually dysfunctional in many cases, for the dominant group. \n

When processes of oppression get out of hand, this solution is attempted.

why genocide occurs

Generally dysfunctional because the dominant group loses its source of scapegoating and cheap labor. This is why this pattern generally only occurs:


1. during an early period of intergroup contact
2. When there are other subordinate groups available
3. When the group to be exterminated can serve no social or economic purpose for the majority

continued subjugation

The majority is intent on maintaining its privilege \n over the subordinate group forever. \n

The minority is generally treated in either a paternalistic manner or despised. \n

Extermination is avoided; never considered because the minority fulfills valuable economic and social functions for the majority.

population transfer

the minority group is not liked or needed, and the majority \n would simply like to remove them. \n

Killing is too abhorrent or expensive or time-consuming or no longer necessary

pluralism

the dominant group is willing or permit or encourage cultural \\n variations within the boarder confines of national unity. \\n

This is done when this is useful to promote stability and is not incompatible with the role that the minority has to play in the society

when groups maintain their individual identities

labor-intensive society

the minority has to be subjugated and told that \n labor is their place.

capital-intensive, technological society

the minority can play any role in society since certain groups are not needed to do disliked jobs

assimilation

A minority group is completely eliminated through interbreeding

\
two types:

\
Genetic - distinctive genes and biological traits lost through sexual interbreeding

\
Cultural - distinctive cultural elements lost when minority groups abandons its cultural traits and adopts those of the dominant group.

legal protection of minorities

the majority will make laws to protect the minorities from the hostile sentiments and action of a segment of the majority population

t/f: By 2050, minorities would make \n up more than 50 percent of the population and become the majority.

true

“a sense of a zero-sum competition between groups is activated”

When people hear about the rise of one group, they automatically fear it will mean a decline in their own.

arab income

higher than the US median

lebanese had the highest

iraqi and yemeni had the lowest

tenets of CRT

1\. Racism is ordinary– the usual way society operates.

\n 2. the system of racism serves important purposes, both psychic and material for the dominant group. \n \n 3. Race is socially constructed by the dominant group as a way of differentiating themselves from the subordinate groups. \n

4\. Minority status brings with it a competence to speak about race and ethnicity that whites don’t have.

dominant race of labor workers

hispanics

agriculture, grounds, housekeeping

dominant race of medical workers

blacks and asians

dominant race of sports players

black

racial makeup of engineers and scientists

many minorities

color blind ideology

a set of ideas that draws on abstract, liberal notions of equality (“equal opportunity for all”)

\
obscures the institutional arrangements reproducing structural \n inequalities and does so in a way that justifies and defends the racial status quo

institutions

the set of ideas/expectations of how to achieve various goals in society

example of genocide

 the killing of native americans by whites; the Armenian genocide

example of continued subjugation

south africa’s apartheid (economic), slavery for economic reasons as well as social to keep them from protesting their conditions

example of population transfer

the trail of tears- from southeast to oklahoma

example of legal protection of minorities

U.S. upper class lawmakers make laws to protect minorities from

employment/housing discrimination from middle/working class whites; Great Britain - 1965 Race Relations Act

example of pluralism

1st amendment- religious freedom

Some Native American groups live on or near reservations, are strongly connected to their heritage, practice the “old ways” as much as they can, and speak their native languages

example of assimilation

sexual relations between frenchmen and indian women; irish becoming “white”; forcing natives to learn english

Other Native Americans are mostly assimilated into the dominant society: They live in urban areas, speak English only, and know relatively little about their traditional cultures.

media racialization of blacks in poverty

When the ADFC systematically provided lower financial benefits to struggling black families, images of poverty began to become racialized.

Black people were widely overrepresented in pictures of poverty since the 1960s.

Stories critical of welfare policies were much more likely to portray black people as overwhelmingly poor.

In 1965, many more critical stories came out about the War on Poverty, and the more critical the story was about anti-poverty efforts, the more likely black people were to be portrayed as poor.

As negative behavior began to arise in the Job Corps, aimed at helping people gain skills for the labor force, blacks were misrepresented as being the origin of the deviant behavior seen in the programs. 

Once the civil rights movement began to pick up more attention, there were racialized depictions of poverty.

Negative attitudes about black people were held by many who worked in the media industry, which contributed to the issue as well. 

As the “welfare mess” began in the 1970s, more and more blacks were portrayed as poor in the media.

In the next years, as the economy began to recess, coverage of poor African-Americans went down.

General stories about poverty focused on blacks, but stories about the unemployment crisis focused on whites, and these stories tended to be more sympathetic.

In the early 1970s, African-Americans comprised a decent portion of welfare recipients, but in the mid-1970s, many were also enrolled in job programs, leading to more positive coverage. 

With the recession in the 1980s, the portrayal of blacks in stories about poverty dropped drastically as coverage of poverty went up. Stories began to become critical of Reagan’s cuts to welfare programs. As stories grew more sympathetic, the depiction of blacks in poverty-related media decreased. \n

example of racism

redlining

example of prejudice

the implicit bias test; “immigrants are stealing our jobs”

example of discrimination

being less likely to hire black workers or to put them in lower paying sectors

connection between prejudice and racism

Modern, colorblind racism is presented as an evolved, more subtle version of prejudice. This system of beliefs ignores social, political, and economic factors that contribute to inequality.

connection between prejudice and discrimination

one may hold racist thoughts, but never act on them, especially if it breaks social norms. On the opposite hand, non-prejudiced individuals may behave in discriminatory and prejudiced ways if that is encouraged within their society.

connection between prejudice and racism

Ideological racism is a belief system that declares a group to be inferior. This is a way of rationalizing inequality and is socialized throughout generations. 

race as biological and social term, and its connection to ethnicity

Race is a biological term, yet it is used as a social term.

Most differences between groups are cultural. People tie race to one’s country of origin, religion, and language. However, this is incorrect. Ethnicity is the proper term to encompass this, and this is a social term because these factors are not biological, and therefore cannot define race.

However, looking at race as a biological term has its complications. Scientists use race and the term “species” in a similar form, but different species cannot breed outside of their own group, while different races can.

Excuses such as social Darwinism, physical characteristics, genetic intelligence

\n

ethnocentrism

tendency to judge other individuals, groups, or societies by your own cultural standards

labor supply problem and its solution

Black slavery and the plantation system. The business of the colonies was agriculture, and farm work at this time was labor intensive and performed almost entirely by hand. Few labor-saving devices were available to ease the burden of work.

noel hypothesis

If two or more groups come together in a contact situation characterized by ethnocentrism, competition, and a differential in power, then some form of racial or ethnic stratification will result”

\
ethnocentrism and competition (over resources)

differential in power- size, organization, resources

blauner hypothesis

Minority groups created by colonization will experience more intense prejudice, racism, and discrimination than those created by immigration.

The disadvantaged status of colonized groups will persist longer and be more difficult to overcome than the disadvantaged status faced by groups created by immigration.

chattel

slaves as private property

characteristics of minorities

discrimination and inequality,

visible traits or characteristics that separate them from the dominant group,

awareness of their shared status with other group members which begins at birth, (ascribed)

as well as the tendency to form close bonds within the group.