AP Bio 12 Ch 6 - Catabolic Pathways

Exergonic

Chemical reactions that release energy

Fermentation

Partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2

Cellular respiration with sugar glucose equation

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

Where are electrons from organic compounds usually first transferred to in cellular respiration?

to NAD+, a coenzyme

Glycolysis

A stage of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Citric acid cycle

The stage of cellular respiration that completes the breakdown of glucose

What is oxidative phosphorylation a part of and what does it account for?

A stage of cellular respiration that accounts for most of the ATP synthesis

Anaerobic respiration

Consumes compounds other than O2

Reduction

A substance gains electrons or is reduced

Reducing agent

The electron donor

What does NADH represent

The reduced form of NAD+ that represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP

How does the electron transport chain pass electrons so that it is in a controlled manner?

In a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction

What type of reaction is the breakdown of organic molecules

exergonic

Aerobic respiration

Consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP

What types of respiration are in cellular respiration?

Both Aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration

What does the transfer of electrons during chemical reactions do

Releases energy stored in organic molecules, which is ultimately used to synthesize ATP

Oxidation

A substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

Oxidizing agent

electron acceptor

What do redox reactions in covalent bonds do instead of transfer electrons

Change the electron sharing

During cellular respiration, is the fuel (glucose) oxidized or reduced?

oxidized

During cellular respiration, is the O2 oxidized or reduced?

Reduced

What is NAD+ and what is its function

An electron acceptor, functioning as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration

Where does NADH pass its electrons to (process)

The electron transport chain

How O2 pulls electrons down the electron transport chain

In an energy-yielding tumble

How is ATP regenerated

Through the energy gained in the electron transport chain

Three stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Which process generates most of the ATP and why

oxidative phosphorylation because it is powered by redox reactions, accounting for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration

How does glycolysis and the citric acid cycle generate ATP

substrate level phosphorylation