APWH Vocab 4.5-4.7

4.5 - Maritime Empires Develop 4.6 - Internal and External Power Struggles 4.7 - Changing Social Hierarchies

Capital

material wealth (usually gold and silver) available to produce more wealth; investment

Commercial Revolution

period of the European expansion of a trade-based economy using gold and silver and resulted in many factors such as development of overseas colonies, new ocean trade routes, population growth, and inflation

Price Revolution

European period characterized by high rates of inflation during the 16th and 17th centuries due to supply and demand pressures with gold and silver

Joint-stock companies

a company owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them

Limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investment. This made investing safer as one individual wasn't responsible for all of a company's debt or liability.

Dutch East India Company

Dutch joint-stock company established in 1602 that conducted maritime trading and monopolization activities in the East Indies and Spice Islands (Southeast Asia)

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during the 17th to 19th centuries consisting of Europe, the Americas, and West Africa. Typically demonstrated with enslaved Africans from West Africa to the Americas, sugar and tobacco products from the Americas to Europe, European goods (e.g. firearms) to the West Africa

Monopolies

Corporations, governments, or joint-stock company individuals that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service

Dahomey and the Oyo

African societies that conducted slave raids and became richer by selling their captives to Europeans (switching up on your day ones)

Polygyny

having more than one wife; caused by demographic imbalance in West Africa from taking more males as slaves

Viceroys

high-ranking officials who represented the Spanish monarch in colonial territories

Audiencias

Spanish royal courts that operated in colonies to check on viceroys' power and prevent them from acting independently

Santeria

meaning "the way of the saints"; a syncretic religion popular in Cuba that combines Catholic and West African beliefs

Vodun

meaning "spirit" or "deity"; a syncretic religion popular in Haiti that originated in West Africa (Dahomey, Kongo, and Yoruba peoples) and developed in the Americas with Catholic beliefs

Candomble

meaning "dance to honor the gods"; a syncretic religion of Yoruba, Fon, and Bantu beliefs that developed in Brazil

Virgin of Guadalupe

An apparition of the Virgin Mary said to have appeared to a Mexican farmer (Juan Diego) in 1531. She exerted a powerful attraction to Mesoamerica's surviving Amerindians and became an icon of Mexican identity.

Metacom's War

(1675-1678) also called King Philip's war, an armed conflict between the English and indigenous peoples in pressures of controling Native American lands

Ndongo

African state located in modern day Angola where it peaked during the reign of Queen Ana Nzinga (r. 1631-1663) who resisted Portuguese slave raids and aided enslaved Africans

Matamba

Pre-colonial African state joined to the Kingdom of Ndongo under Queen Nzinga which became economically strong and resistant to Portuguese slave raids

Black Sea

large body of water between Europe and Asia; north of modern-day Turkey

Steppes

a large area of flat, unforested grassland in southeastern Europe and Siberia

Pugachev Rebellion

(1773-1775) A peasant uprising in Russia led by Yemelyan Pugachev against Catherine the Great for increasing the power of the nobility over serfs. Resulted in Russian army suppressing the uprising, Pugachev executed, and increased oppression of peasants to prevent further revolts

Pueblo Revolt

(1680) A revolt led by the Pueblo and Apache groups against the Spanish in modern-day New Mexico. Initially successful with churches burned and the Spanish driven out, but the Spanish reconquered the area in 1692

Maroon Wars

(1728-1740 & 1795-1796) Conflicts between Jamaica Maroons (descendants of Africans, escaped slavery in Jamaica) and English colonial men who took control of Jamaica after defeating the Spanish. First resulted in a peace treaty, second time was a defeat and deportation of many Maroons

Gloucester County Rebellion

(1663) First recorded slave revolt in the United States where enslaved Africans and White indentured servants conspired together to gain freedom from their governor. Resulted in them getting ambushed and arrested after authorities learned about the plot

Glorious Revolution

(1688) The overthrowing of King James II of England by Parliament and Dutch prince William of Orange. Along with Mary II, King William established a constitutional monarchy and a transition to Protestantism in England

Mohegan

a Native American tribe based in modern-day Uncasville, Connecticut that sided with the English in Metacom's War

Pequot

A Native American tribe based in Conneticut who, along with the Mohegan, sided with the English in Metacom's War

Wampanoag

a Native American tribe based in southern Massachusetts and Rhode Island who interacted and eventually subjected to English colonial rule

Timar

Ottoman system where the sultan granted land or tax revenues to cavalrymen he favored in exchange for military service

Harem

living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives of a powerful man in a Muslim household

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates along the Barbary Coast who captured Europeans in the Mediterranean and sold them to the sultan or other Muslim officials

Impressed

those forced into service

Queues

Manchu hairstyle consisting of a braided pigtail on the back with a shaved top scalp; all men required to acquire the hairstyle under the Qing Dynasty

Nobility

A high-ranking social class usually consisting of wealthy landowners who had special privileges

Sephardic Jews

Jews who trace their heritage back to Spain

Ashkenazi Jews

Jews who trace their heritage back to Central and Eastern Europe

Casta System

A hierarchical social structure established in colonial Latin America by the Spanish which separated individuals into social classes defined by racial and ethnic heritages

Peninsulares

Those who were born on the Iberian peninsula (consists of mostly Spain and Portugal) and stood at the top of the social pyramid in Latin America

Criollos

Those of European ancestry who were born in the Americas and stood second in the social pyramid in Latin America

Castas

People of mixed-race ancestry and stood third in the social pyramid in Latin America; there are three types of castas: mestizos, mulattoes, and zambos

Mestizos

Those of mixed European and indigenous ancestry, and is the top of three parts of the castas social class

Mulattoes

Those of mixed European and African ancestry, and is the second of three parts of the castas social class

Zambos

Those of mixed indigenous and African ancestry, and is the bottom of three parts of the castas social class