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"a statement of bourgeois idealism”
Rude - DOTMAC
“blueprint for the new society”
McPhee - DOTMAC
“ambiguous… in wording”
McPhee - 1791 Constitution
“his own virtual imprisonment”
Schama - October Days
“active intervention of the people”
McPhee - popular movement
“contant motive… the need for cheap and plentiful bread”
Rude - popular movement
“publicly declare themselves for or against the revolution”
Doyle - attitude to Clerical Oath
“the assembly’s most serious mistake”
Doyle - Civil Constitution of the Clergy
“faithful to the nation, the law, and the king”
Clerical Oath
“effectively destroyed the revolutionary consensus”
Rees - Civil Constitution of the Clergy
“urge you not to abandon your religion”
“shun all invaders”
Papal Bull Charitas
“citizen-king of the French people”
Bailly - fete de la federation
“one king renounced his sovereignty while another… grimly looked on”
Richet - Flight to Varennes
“our religion to be respected”
Louis XVI on his flight to Varennes
“revealed his true colours”
Soboul - Flight to Varennes
“citizen Louis Capet… a multitude of crimes”
trial of Louis XVI
“built their fortune atop the ruination of others”
Marat - bourgeoisie
“…sheer relentless ferocity”
Schama - Marat
“i vote for the death of the tyrant”
Danton - Louis’ trial
“…forget his enemies once they were defeated”
Fremont-Barnes - Danton
“Louis must die so the country can live”
Robespierre - Louis XVI
“war dramatically altered the… direction of revolution”
Adcock - war
“raised both stakes and fear”
Furet - war
“terror is only justice”
Robespierre - terror
“not enough he is master, he has to be god”
“President of murderers”
Thuriot - Robespierre
“let terror be the order of the day”
Barere - the terror
“let us be terrible, so the people are not so”
Danton - the terror
“a repressive system”
Furet - the terror
“destroying many… political and civil liberties… earlier”
Adcock - 1795 Constitution
“narrow path of Jacobin virtue”
Doyle - the terror
“people were little better off”
Schama - popular experience
“long live the Catholic religion! save our priests”
public, against dechristianisation
6,000 women
number of October Day demonstrators
50 killed, 12 wounded
consequences of the Champs De Mars Massacre
tier 1: 1-3days
tier 2: 10 days
tier 3: 54 days/1 silver mark
levels of active citizenry
one third
army officer emigres at the start of war
90%
Vendee did not swear the Oath
17,000
executions during the terror
2000 - 4,800
deaths from the noyades
70% of all deaths during the terror
from the Vendee and Federalist uprisings
“conduct, associations, talk or writings have shown themselves supporters of tyranny or federalism…”
Law of Suspects
“the provisional government of France is revolutionary until the peace”
Decree on revolutionary government
“save liberty and avenge your glory”
La Patrie en Danger
“a matter of shared interest”
Padua Circular
“…give the king the security and liberty"
“most severely punished”
Brunswick Manifesto
“wage war… on our enemies at home”
Robespierre - war
“straightforward men…at once credulous and suspicious”
Hampson - sans-culotte
“let the blood of traitors flow”
Marat - September Massacres
“executions were necessary to appease the people”
Danton - September Massacres
1375
deaths in Paris June - July 1794
1275
deaths in Paris March 1793 - June 1794
“return to the provisions of 1791”
“the constitution marked the end of the revolution”
McPhee - 1795 Constitution
“marked… the rejection of a form of government”
Doyle - 9 Thermidor Year II
8% of face value
worth of assignat in March 1795
“deemed enemies of the people… the penalty… for all offences… is death”
Law of 22 Prairial
“the Assembly continued to create its own counterrevolutionaries”
Adcock - Government