CELLS

What is a cell

basic unit of structure and function for a living organism

Two main groups of cells

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryote

Does not have a true nucleus, does not have membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryote

Does have a true nucleus and has membrane-bound organelles

Examples of Eukaryotes

protists, animals, plants, fungi

Three main structures that cells have in common

Have a nucleus, cell membrane, and Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Jell like material inside the cell membrane

Nucleus

Brain/control center of the cell

Nuclear membrane/envelope

The membrane around the nucleus (THE WALL)

Selectively pemeable

Allows certain material to move in or out of a cell

What does cell membrane contain

Two layers of lipids and protein embedded in between

Nuclearplasm

Stuff inside the nucleus

Chromatin

Clusters Made of DNA, fibers are wrapped each other. When divided, it will show chromosomes

Uses of Cell membrane

Protects the cell, gives shape to the cell, and gives support

Ribosomes

Found in the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum

Use of nucleolus

Make or store RNA

Use of ribosomes

Protein synthesis

function of endoplasmic reticulum

Transports things, puts lipids together for cell membrane, removes proteins from the cell.

Two types of endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth ER and Rough ER

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

does not have ribosomes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Contains ribosomes, what makes it rough, and makes proteins

Lysosomes (suicide sacks)

Contains digestive enzyme, if broken, kills the cell

Vacuoles

Used to store water, salt, protein, and carbohydrates

Different vacuole sizes

Large in plant cells, small in animal cells

Mitochondria

Cellular respiration occurs here

Mitochondria characteristics

Has inner and outer membrane, folds on itself

Folding on its self

Cristee

Use of cristee

Increases surface area, which increases function of cellular respiration for mitochondria

Mitochondria has its own..

DNA

Two structures of cytoskeletons

Micro-filaments and microtubules

Golgi apparatus

Prepares secretion for the cell

Secretion

Substances that other cells use, takes out fluid and forms membranes around it

Use of Lysosomes

Digest carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and foreign bacteria (viruses and non-functional organelles)

Turgor Pressure

Water pressure

Two types of vacuoles

Contractile and Food vacuole

Contractile Vacuole use

Pumps excess water and regulates water pressure (turgor pressure)

Food Vacuole use

Digests food

Contractile and Food Vacuoles are found in

Unicellular organisms

What animals have but cells do not

Centrioles

Plant cells have this put animals do not

Plastids

3 types of plastids

Chloroplast, leucoplast, and chromoplast

Chloroplasts

Organelle that stores chlorophyll

Chorophyll

Makes plant cell green pigments and does the photosynthesis

Leucoplast

Stores starch

Chromoplast

Stores pigments other than chlorophyll

Plants most outer layer, outside of cell membrane that animal cells do not have

Cell wall

Parts of Cell wall

Middle lamella, primary cell wall, and secondary cell wall

Middle lamella has..

Pectin

Primary Cell wall has...

Cellulose and Pectin

Secondary Cell wall has...

Only Cellulose

Endosymbiotic theory is relating to..

Why mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA

Endosymbiotic theory states...

States that prokaryotic organism moved into cells of multicellular organisms, becoming organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts)

What are Microfilament

Fibers that run through the cytoplasm

Use of Microfilaments

allows for movement

What are Microtubules

Give support to cell

3 different structures of microtubules

Centrioles, cilia, and flagella

Centrioles are only found in..

Animal cells

Centrioles Use

Functions during cell division

Cilia

Short hair like structures for movement

Flagella

Long tail like structure for movement