APUSH CH 1

What land bridge connected Asia and North America?

Bering Strait

What caused a decrease in food supply for Native Americans?

Extinction of wooly mammoths and bison

What development made civilizations possible for Native Americans?

Agriculture

Which American civilizations were more developed than others?

Southern American civilizations

What was the capital city of the Aztec Empire?

Tenochtitlan

Which European technologies did North American Indians lack?

Metal tools, gunpowder, scientific knowledge, literacy

Who were the Mound Builders?

Native Americans who constructed large communities

Which tribes united in loose alliances in the Southeast?

Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw

What was the alliance of Iroquois tribes called?

The Great League of Peace

What was the European view of Indians as nice but uncivilized?

Noble Savages

What was the European concept of authority, order, and discipline?

Rule of Law

What was the European idea of freedom as individual independence?

Individual autonomy

What was the Native American idea of freedom as belonging to a community?

Group autonomy

What was the legal doctrine where a woman surrendered her identity to her husband?

Coverture

What was the transatlantic flow of goods, people, and cultures between Europe and the Americas called?

Columbian Exchange

How long ago did the first Indians arrive in the Americas?

15000-60000 years ago

How did the first Indians arrive in the Americas?

Bering Strait

How did the food supply diminish in the early Americas? (11000 years ago)

Animals (wooly mammoths and bison) became extinct

What was the result of the lower food supply in the early Americas? (11000 years ago)

Low food supply \= lower population

What happened 9000 years ago in the Americas that made civilization possible?

agriculture develops

Before civilization and agriculture, how did people in the Americas live?

nomadic hunting and gathering

Which early Native American civilizations were more developed, South or North American?

South American

List the 5 major features of Early Southern American civilization

Cities, roads, irrigation systems, extensive trade networks, and large structures

Capital of the Aztec Empire

Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)

Population of Tenochtitlan

250K

Where was Tenochtitlan Located?

Marshlands to the west of Lake Texcoco

Where was the Inca Kingdom centered?

Peru

Population of Inca Kingdom

12M

Identify an important feature of the Inca Kingdom

Complex system of roads and bridges that extended 2,000 miles along Andes Mountains

\__________________ lacked the technologies of the Europeans

North American Indians

Which European technologies did the North American Indians lack?

metal tools, gunpowder, scientific knowledge for long distance navigation, literacy

Europeans used the Indians' "backwardness" as a \_______________

justification of their conquest

Native Americans constructed a large community on a series of \_________________ on a bluff overlooking the \_________________

giant semicircular mounds, Mississippi River

Town in current day Louisiana that was the center of the Indian communities around 1200 B.C.

Poverty Point

The first Mississippi River mound-builder Indians carried out what?

commercial and governmental center whose residents established the trade routes throughout the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys

Ohio River Valley "Mound Builders" had traded how far?

Across half the continent

settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis

Cahokia

The rise of the Cahokia followed the \_____________

decline of the previous Poverty Point Mound Builder Indian civilization

The Cahokia had Mounds up to \___________

100 feet

The Cahokia were the first \___________

developed civilized community in North America

The Cahokia was the \____________ in North America from 1200-1800

largest settled community

Which two tribes were in present-day Arizona (WESTERN INDIANS)

Hopi and Zuni

The Hopi and Zuni/present-day Arizona region peaked between which years?

900-1200

Identify 2 features of the Hopi and Zuni civilizations

Built multiple-family dwellings in local canyons in well-planned towns
Build dams and canals \= complex irrigation systems

The Hopi and Zuni conducted trade with groups as far as \_____________

Central Mexico

the largest Hopi/Zuni dwelling, built in New Mexico

Pueblo Bonito

Why did the Hopi and Zuni have to move south and east?

Drought

The Hopi and Zuni tribes mastered the technique of \_____________

Desert Farming

The Spanish named the Hopi and Zuni what?

Pueblo Indians

Indians of Eastern Northern America were struggling with what in the 1400s?

Tribes were warring over goods, seizing captives, and seeking revenge for killing of relatives. Fighting was very expensive and cost lives.

To solve the tribal conflict in Eastern Northern America in the 1400s, what emerged?

various leagues or confederations to bring peace and order among tribes

In the Southeast, the Choctaw, Cherokee, and Chickasaw tribes united dozens of towns in \_____________

loose alliances

An alliance of the five Iroquois tribes (1450-1600)

The Great League of Peace

The Iroquois League was located where?

Present day NY and Pennsylvania

What were the two goals of the Iroquois League?

To combine tribal strength to pressure Europeans to work with the Indians in the fur trade and to wage war across Eastern North America

Although Indian societies were diverse, how were they similar religiously?

religious ceremonies related to farming and hunting

Although Indian societies were diverse, how were they similar spiritually?

sacred spirits could be found in living and inanimate things (nature)

Although Indian societies were diverse, how were they similar in social roles?

shamans, medicine men and other religious leaders who were seen to have the ability to invoke supernatural powers held positions of respect and power

Most Indian tribes believed that there was a single \__________, but Europeans believed they still needed to be converted to \____________

creator, true Christianity

The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits

Animism/Pantheism

The Native Americans/Indians followed what religion

Animism/Pantheism

How was land distributed in Indian Villages?

Village leaders assigned plots of land for a season for personal use, but they did not own the land

Why did the Europeans disagree with Indians' land distribution methods?

Indians didn't believe in land as a commodity and Europeans believed in private ownership of land

For Indians, land was an \____________, not an economic commodity

common resource for the greater good

What, land and property related, didn't arrive to the Western Hemisphere until the Europeans came?

Real estate

Indians didn't accumulate what?

wealth or material goods

Why didn't Indians accumulate wealth or material goods?

They moved around too much for it to be practical - focused more on immediate subsistence resources such as the food around them

Indians' reputations were based on their willingness to share \_________

goods

Most valued social quality for Indians was?

generosity and gift giving

Unlike Europeans, the Indians' gender hierarchy was \__________

matrilineal

clans or kinship groups in which children became part of the mother's family

matrilineal

Women could do what in Indian society?

have premarital sex and divorce their husbands (ay yo calm downnnn sacagawea)

Women owned what in Indian society?

dwellings and tools

Instead of the wife moving in with the husband, what happened in Indian Society?

husbands married and moved in with the wife

Men were frequently away hunting, so women had to take control of what?

farming, agriculture, housework

Why did the Europeans call the Indians "noble" savages

They thought they were nice people but did weird things like run around naked

Over time the Europeans began to see Natives as just savages because of what 3 main things?

religion, land use, gender relations

The Europeans saw Indians as \__________ since they didn't believe in Christianity

satanic

Europeans thought Indian men were \______ and women were \__________

weak, mistreated

Because Indians were nomads, they had no \___________, which pissed of the Europeans

land ownership

Europeans thought that they were \________ the Indians by conquering them

saving

What 3 things did the Europeans believe they were gifting the natives with when the conquered them?

true religion, private property and pure gender relations

principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern

Rule of Law

Europeans tied freedom to the concept of \__________

Rule of Law

Europeans believed that because Indians did not live under established governments or fixed laws they lacked what two things?

respect for authority, order and discipline common to Europeans

European Freedom was embodied through what two social characteristics?

individual autonomy and private property ownership

While Europeans believed in individual autonomy, Indians believed in \_________ autonomy

group

autonomy is the same as

impowerment

Natives believed it was more important to belong to a \__________ rather than to look out for oneself

group

Indians prioritized what three things over individual autonomy?

kinship ties, spiritual values, community

What took precedence over individual freedoms in Indian society?

mutual obligations

For Christians, freedom was not political but instead what?

spiritual

Every nation in Europe established a church that decreed what forms of worship and belief were \_______

acceptable

Dissenters to Christianity in Europe faced what two consequences?

persecution by the state and condemnation from the church

For Christianity, what single idea was seen as essential to public order?

religious uniformity

Europeans equated liberty and freedom with \____________

obedience to a higher authority

Europeans' idea of "freedom \= respect to authority" was ironic because \________

European society was extremely hierarchical (kings to poor)

A legal doctrine that when a woman marries she surrenders her legal identity to be "covered" by her husband

Coverture

In Europe, \______ were the head of the household and everyone else was below them

men

Women could not do what things in Europe?

file for divorce, control their wages, own land, have a separate will, sign contracts