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What land bridge connected Asia and North America?
Bering Strait
What caused a decrease in food supply for Native Americans?
Extinction of wooly mammoths and bison
What development made civilizations possible for Native Americans?
Agriculture
Which American civilizations were more developed than others?
Southern American civilizations
What was the capital city of the Aztec Empire?
Tenochtitlan
Which European technologies did North American Indians lack?
Metal tools, gunpowder, scientific knowledge, literacy
Who were the Mound Builders?
Native Americans who constructed large communities
Which tribes united in loose alliances in the Southeast?
Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw
What was the alliance of Iroquois tribes called?
The Great League of Peace
What was the European view of Indians as nice but uncivilized?
Noble Savages
What was the European concept of authority, order, and discipline?
Rule of Law
What was the European idea of freedom as individual independence?
Individual autonomy
What was the Native American idea of freedom as belonging to a community?
Group autonomy
What was the legal doctrine where a woman surrendered her identity to her husband?
Coverture
What was the transatlantic flow of goods, people, and cultures between Europe and the Americas called?
Columbian Exchange
How long ago did the first Indians arrive in the Americas?
15000-60000 years ago
How did the first Indians arrive in the Americas?
Bering Strait
How did the food supply diminish in the early Americas? (11000 years ago)
Animals (wooly mammoths and bison) became extinct
What was the result of the lower food supply in the early Americas? (11000 years ago)
Low food supply = lower population
What happened 9000 years ago in the Americas that made civilization possible?
agriculture develops
Before civilization and agriculture, how did people in the Americas live?
nomadic hunting and gathering
Which early Native American civilizations were more developed, South or North American?
South American
List the 5 major features of Early Southern American civilization
Cities, roads, irrigation systems, extensive trade networks, and large structures
Capital of the Aztec Empire
Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)
Population of Tenochtitlan
250K
Where was Tenochtitlan Located?
Marshlands to the west of Lake Texcoco
Where was the Inca Kingdom centered?
Peru
Population of Inca Kingdom
12M
Identify an important feature of the Inca Kingdom
Complex system of roads and bridges that extended 2,000 miles along Andes Mountains
__________________ lacked the technologies of the Europeans
North American Indians
Which European technologies did the North American Indians lack?
metal tools, gunpowder, scientific knowledge for long distance navigation, literacy
Europeans used the Indians' "backwardness" as a _______________
justification of their conquest
Native Americans constructed a large community on a series of _________________ on a bluff overlooking the _________________
giant semicircular mounds, Mississippi River
Town in current day Louisiana that was the center of the Indian communities around 1200 B.C.
Poverty Point
The first Mississippi River mound-builder Indians carried out what?
commercial and governmental center whose residents established the trade routes throughout the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys
Ohio River Valley "Mound Builders" had traded how far?
Across half the continent
settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis
Cahokia
The rise of the Cahokia followed the _____________
decline of the previous Poverty Point Mound Builder Indian civilization
The Cahokia had Mounds up to ___________
100 feet
The Cahokia were the first ___________
developed civilized community in North America
The Cahokia was the ____________ in North America from 1200-1800
largest settled community
Which two tribes were in present-day Arizona (WESTERN INDIANS)
Hopi and Zuni
The Hopi and Zuni/present-day Arizona region peaked between which years?
900-1200
Identify 2 features of the Hopi and Zuni civilizations
Built multiple-family dwellings in local canyons in well-planned towns Build dams and canals = complex irrigation systems
The Hopi and Zuni conducted trade with groups as far as _____________
Central Mexico
the largest Hopi/Zuni dwelling, built in New Mexico
Pueblo Bonito
Why did the Hopi and Zuni have to move south and east?
Drought
The Hopi and Zuni tribes mastered the technique of _____________
Desert Farming
The Spanish named the Hopi and Zuni what?
Pueblo Indians
Indians of Eastern Northern America were struggling with what in the 1400s?
Tribes were warring over goods, seizing captives, and seeking revenge for killing of relatives. Fighting was very expensive and cost lives.
To solve the tribal conflict in Eastern Northern America in the 1400s, what emerged?
various leagues or confederations to bring peace and order among tribes
In the Southeast, the Choctaw, Cherokee, and Chickasaw tribes united dozens of towns in _____________
loose alliances
An alliance of the five Iroquois tribes (1450-1600)
The Great League of Peace
The Iroquois League was located where?
Present day NY and Pennsylvania
What were the two goals of the Iroquois League?
To combine tribal strength to pressure Europeans to work with the Indians in the fur trade and to wage war across Eastern North America
Although Indian societies were diverse, how were they similar religiously?
religious ceremonies related to farming and hunting
Although Indian societies were diverse, how were they similar spiritually?
sacred spirits could be found in living and inanimate things (nature)
Although Indian societies were diverse, how were they similar in social roles?
shamans, medicine men and other religious leaders who were seen to have the ability to invoke supernatural powers held positions of respect and power
Most Indian tribes believed that there was a single _, but Europeans believed they still needed to be converted to ___
creator, true Christianity
The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits
Animism/Pantheism
The Native Americans/Indians followed what religion
Animism/Pantheism
How was land distributed in Indian Villages?
Village leaders assigned plots of land for a season for personal use, but they did not own the land
Why did the Europeans disagree with Indians' land distribution methods?
Indians didn't believe in land as a commodity and Europeans believed in private ownership of land
For Indians, land was an ____________, not an economic commodity
common resource for the greater good
What, land and property related, didn't arrive to the Western Hemisphere until the Europeans came?
Real estate
Indians didn't accumulate what?
wealth or material goods
Why didn't Indians accumulate wealth or material goods?
They moved around too much for it to be practical - focused more on immediate subsistence resources such as the food around them
Indians' reputations were based on their willingness to share _________
goods
Most valued social quality for Indians was?
generosity and gift giving
Unlike Europeans, the Indians' gender hierarchy was __________
matrilineal
clans or kinship groups in which children became part of the mother's family
matrilineal
Women could do what in Indian society?
have premarital sex and divorce their husbands (ay yo calm downnnn sacagawea)
Women owned what in Indian society?
dwellings and tools
Instead of the wife moving in with the husband, what happened in Indian Society?
husbands married and moved in with the wife
Men were frequently away hunting, so women had to take control of what?
farming, agriculture, housework
Why did the Europeans call the Indians "noble" savages
They thought they were nice people but did weird things like run around naked
Over time the Europeans began to see Natives as just savages because of what 3 main things?
religion, land use, gender relations
The Europeans saw Indians as __________ since they didn't believe in Christianity
satanic
Europeans thought Indian men were ______ and women were __________
weak, mistreated
Because Indians were nomads, they had no ___________, which pissed of the Europeans
land ownership
Europeans thought that they were ________ the Indians by conquering them
saving
What 3 things did the Europeans believe they were gifting the natives with when the conquered them?
true religion, private property and pure gender relations
principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern
Rule of Law
Europeans tied freedom to the concept of __________
Rule of Law
Europeans believed that because Indians did not live under established governments or fixed laws they lacked what two things?
respect for authority, order and discipline common to Europeans
European Freedom was embodied through what two social characteristics?
individual autonomy and private property ownership
While Europeans believed in individual autonomy, Indians believed in _________ autonomy
group
autonomy is the same as
impowerment
Natives believed it was more important to belong to a __________ rather than to look out for oneself
group
Indians prioritized what three things over individual autonomy?
kinship ties, spiritual values, community
What took precedence over individual freedoms in Indian society?
mutual obligations
For Christians, freedom was not political but instead what?
spiritual
Every nation in Europe established a church that decreed what forms of worship and belief were _______
acceptable
Dissenters to Christianity in Europe faced what two consequences?
persecution by the state and condemnation from the church
For Christianity, what single idea was seen as essential to public order?
religious uniformity
Europeans equated liberty and freedom with ____________
obedience to a higher authority
Europeans' idea of "freedom = respect to authority" was ironic because ________
European society was extremely hierarchical (kings to poor)
A legal doctrine that when a woman marries she surrenders her legal identity to be "covered" by her husband
Coverture
In Europe, ______ were the head of the household and everyone else was below them
men
Women could not do what things in Europe?
file for divorce, control their wages, own land, have a separate will, sign contracts
Note
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