Chapter 11 vocab part 1

Undernutrition

The condition in which not enough calories are ingested to maintain health

Malnourished

Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals

Food Security

A condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life

Food insecurity

A condition in which people do not have adequate access to food

Famine

The condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period

Anemia

A deficiency of iron

Overnutrition

Ingestion of too many calories and a lack of balance of foods and nutrients

Meat

Livestock or poultry consumed as food

Industrial Agriculture

Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standerdizaton

Energy subsidy

The fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced

Green Revolution

A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, that resulted in increased food output

Economic scale

The observation that averages costs of production fall as output increases

Waterlogging

A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods

Salinization

A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation

Organic fertilizer

Fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals

Synthetic fertilizer

Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels

Monocropping

An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety

Pesticide

A substance, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controlled organisms that people condiser pests

Insecticide

A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops

Herbicide

A pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops

Broad-spectrum pesticide

A pesticide that kills many different types of pests

Selective pesticide

As pesticide that targets a narrow range of organisms. (also known as “narrow-spectrum pesticide”.)

Persistent pesticide

A pesticide that remains in the environment for a long time

Nonpersistent pesticide

A pesticide that breaks down rapidly, usually in weeks or months

Pesticide resistance

A trait possessed by certain individuals that are exposed to a pesticide and survive

Pesticide treadmill

A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development