Whole Class PBL 2023 Set: Ch 25, 26, 27, 28

Chordates

an animal phylum that has a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and gill slits at some time in its life cycle

Reptiles

vertebrates that live on land, scales cover body, lay eggs, cold blooded

Mammals

Animals that have hair and produce milk for their young

Birds

May or may not fly, with vertebra, lay eggs, have feathers

Cladogram of Chordates

a chart that classifies chordates

Cartilage

strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone

Notochord

long supporting rod that runs through a chordate's body just below the nerve cord

Segmentation

Animal bodies divided into segments, segments are body parts repeated

cephalisation

The concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front end

invertebrate

An animal without a backbone, makes up 95% of all animals

Eukaryote

An organism that has a nucleus

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment

Symbiosis

A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other

Response

Reaction to Stimulus

Endotherm Insulation

body heat becomes trapped. ex) feathers

Amphibian

able to live both on land and in water

Tetrapods

animals with four limbs

ray-finned fish

thinner bones that hold up skin and fins

lobe-finned fish

have fleshy fins that are supported by a series of bones; ex. coelacanth and lungfish

Cartilaginous

bones held together by cartilage

jawless fish

hagfish and lampreys

Nonvertebrate chordate

Two Chordates who are non-vertebrates (have spinal chord with no backbone to protect)

Tunicates and Lancelets

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Reproduction

the process of producing offspring

Vertebrae

An organism that contains a backbone

Multicellular

made of many cells

Kingdom Animalia

The classification group of animals. All animals are part of Kingdom Animalia

Chordates

members of the phylum Chordata

pharyngeal pouches

paired structures in the throat region

hollow nerve cord

connects nerves to internal organs, muscles, and sense organs

Tail

an extension of the organism. Helps with balance and signaling when danger is near

Feedback inhibitions

known as negative feedback, a system to which the result of the process helps limit the process itself

types of chordates

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Chordates

nerve chord that runs down spine

vertebrates

Chordates with a back bone

Cartilage

Connective tissue stronger than skin but softer than bone

Tetrapods

A vertebrate that has four limbs

Fish

largest group of vertebrates

Amphibian

lungs, moist skin

Reptiles

scaly skin, shelled eggs

Birds

Endotherms, feathers

Mammals

Fur/hair, lungs, warm blooded, feed young with milk,

Cladogram

Diagram that shows characteristics and relationships

Rayfinned

Eels and goldfish

Lobefinned

large bones

Cartilaginous

Shark and sting ray

Jawless fish

Lampreys and hagfish

Radial symmetry

Symmetry starting in the middle and forming "slices" of an animal that are symmetrical

Bilateral symmetry

A body in which a single imaginary line can divide the body into left and right sides that are mirror images of each other

Germ layer

Developing fertilized eggs developed and start to differentiate into different layers such as the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

Endoderm

The innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system

Mesoderm

The middle germ layer; develops into muscles and most circulatory, reproductive and excretory system

Ectoderm

The outer germ layer; its cells develop into organs of the nervous system

Coelom

Lined body cavity, space for organs

Zygote

An egg that has been fertilized

Blastula

A hollow ball of cells that develops when a zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions

Blastoma

The initial opening on a blastula

Protostomes

The blastopore becomes the mouth, and the anus forms from a second opening on the opposite end of the tube

Deuterostomes

An animal in which the blastoma becomes and anus, and the mouth is formed from the second opening that develops

invertebrate

makes up 95% of all animals

appendage

legs, antenna, limbs

larva

immature stage of life

sponge

Aquatic animal with few specialized cells, heterotroph

Cnidarians

soft body, Ex; jellyfish, coral

arthropod

segemented body, Ex; spiders

Nematodes

roundworms

Flatworms

unsegmented, flat worm

Annelids

segmented worms, Ex; leech, earthworm

Mullusks

soft body with inner OR outer shell, Ex; snail, clam

Echinoderms

have radial symmetry, spiney skin, inner 'skeleton', Ex; Sand dollar, sea urchin. sea star.

exoskeleton

hard outer covering

Chordate

Animals with a notochord, most have a backbone.

Vertabrates

animals with a backbone

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

Tetrapod

vertebrate with four limbs

Fish

Largest group of chordates

anphibian

Has lungs and moist skin

Reptiles

Has scaly skin and small eggs

Birds

Has feathers

mammal

A vertebrate whose body temperature is regulated by its internal heat, and that has skin covered with hair or fur and glands that produce milk to feed its young.

Cladogram

Shows patterns of shared characteristics.

rayfinned fish

Eels and gold fish

Lobefinned

Large bones

cartilaginous fish

sharks, rays, skates

jawless fish

hagfish and lampreys

radial symmetry

Symmetry starting in the middle and forming slices of an animal that are symmetrical

bilateral symmetry

the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane.

Germ layer

developing fertilized eggs develop and start to differentiate into different layers such as the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm

Endoderm

innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system

Mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems

Ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin

coelom

body cavity lined with mesoderm

Zygote

fertilized egg

Blastula

hollow ball of cells

Blastopore

Initial opening on a blastula

Protostomes

blastopore develops into mouth

Deuterostomes

blastopore becomes anus

Segmentation

the division of the body of an organism into a series of similar parts