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What is ATP?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the main energy currency of the cell

Why is ATP important to cells?

It provides energy for cellular processes

Compare ATP and ADP

ATP has three phosphates; ADP has two

How is energy released by ATP?

By breaking the bond of the third phosphate

What is chemosynthesis?

Making glucose using chemical energy instead of sunlight

Example of an organism that uses chemosynthesis

Deep-sea bacteria

What is photosynthesis?

The process of using sunlight to make glucose

What is chlorophyll?

A pigment that absorbs light energy

Overall equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplast

What is the thylakoid?

Membrane sacs where light reactions occur

What are grana?

Stacks of thylakoids

What is the stroma?

Fluid where the Calvin cycle occurs

What are light reactions?

Reactions that use light to make ATP and NADPH

Where do light reactions occur?

Thylakoid membrane

What is released when water splits?

Oxygen

What is the Calvin cycle?

Light-independent reactions that make sugar

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

Stroma

What is used in the Calvin cycle?

CO2, ATP, NADPH

What is produced in the Calvin cycle?

Glucose

What is cellular respiration?

The process of breaking down glucose to make ATP

Overall equation for respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Mitochondria

What are the three stages of respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

What does glycolysis produce?

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, net 2 ATP

Why is net ATP only 2?

2 ATP are used at the start

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

What does the Krebs cycle produce?

CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP

Where does the ETC occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

What is the final electron acceptor?

Oxygen

What forms when oxygen accepts electrons?

Water

What is fermentation?

Anaerobic ATP production without oxygen

What is lactic acid fermentation?

Occurs in muscles and makes lactic acid

What is alcoholic fermentation?

Occurs in yeast and makes alcohol and CO2

What is the cuticle?

Waxy layer preventing water loss

What is the epidermis?

Outer protective layer

What is palisade mesophyll?

Main photosynthesis layer

What is spongy mesophyll?

Layer for gas exchange

What are stomata?

Openings for gas exchange

What are guard cells?

Cells that control stomata

What is xylem?

Transports water

What is phloem?

Transports sugars