Dr. Cohenh PSYC 2000 Exam 2

Which theory suggests that dreams preserve our psychological health by allowing us to fulfill unrealistic wishes or desires?

wish fulfillment theory

Which of the following is a conclusion regarding Neurofeedback, as discussed in class?

It can be done using commercially available equipment.

How does the activation-synthesis hypothesis explain dreaming?

The cortex making sense of signals from the brain stem.

Which theory argues that our sleep patterns evolved as a response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

adaptive theory

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Which of the following best characterizes a night's sleep?

Our depth of sleep alternates up and down many times.

How do "night modes" on computer screens help people fall asleep?

They block transmission of blue light, a color of light that inhibits melatonin release from the pineal gland.

How is the claustrum linked to consciousness?

Sensory information from many domains is integrated there.

According to this theory, WHEN we sleep is a product of evolution.

adaptive theory

Per class, which of the following has the most evidence, regarding why humans sleep?

Because they get sleepy.

__________ is the most commonly used drug in the world, and is a member of the ________ drug class.

Caffeine; stimulants

As discussed in class, which is the best description of how Social jetlag is calculated as:

The difference in wakeup time on a weekday versus weekend.

The rare experience of extreme fear or panic during sleep, which often includes an individual screaming in their sleep, is called:

Night terror

Infants sleep much more than adults, and also engage in a much higher proportion of ______ sleep (approximately 50% of their sleep time). This supports the idea that this stage is important for the creating of new synapses in the brain, which is critical for learning and making new memories.

REM

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

Kicking and punching while asleep.

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as _____________.

Altered states of consciousness

Which of the following statements about hypnosis is TRUE?

Hypnosis may relieve pain, treat depression/anxiety, and promote smoking cessation.

According to _____ theory, when we sleep is a product of evolution, and according to _____ theory, sleep allows us to improve our mental functioning and physical health.

adaptive; restorative

The need to take a drug in order to avoid changes in bodily function and withdrawal symptoms is called ________.

physical dependence

The Muller-Lyer illusion exists mostly in cultures in which there are ___________.

buildings with lots of corners

Which of the following senses changes notably with age, and has been the focus of the "anti-teenager" security device discussed in class.

Hearing

Like color, sound waves have two properties: amplitude (height) and frequency. Frequency is a measure of the ______________ of the wave and corresponds to our perception of _______________.

length; pitch

The retinal blind spot is: ___________.

the location on the retina where there is no photoreceptors because the optic nerve exits the eye there.

In the sensory system, transduction describes the _________.

process by which energies are changed into neural messages.

Bill often thinks of sounds as physical feelings, and actually experiences sounds as feelings. This is an example of

synesthesia

The major purpose of the retina is to

transduce light energy

What condition did Oliver Sacks suffer from?

Face blindness

Which theory uses afterimages to explain how people see color?

opponent-process theory

You will more than likely see "XXX. XXX XXX" as three groups of "Xs" rather than one group of nine "Xs". This example illustrates which of the following Gestalt principles of perception?

proximity

Which best describes how the human eye sees

intramission only

Which "invisible" animal was shown in class, among a group of people dribbling basketballs?

a gorilla

________ are the raw data of experience, based on the activation of certain receptors located in organs like the eyes, ears, and skin.

sensations

Rods are _______ light-sensitive and ________ color-sensitive than cones.

more; less

What is the major function of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup of the middle ear?

to amplify vibrations and pass them on to the inner ear

Which of the following is an example of Anosognosia?

drawing all the numbers of a clock on one side

According to the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic theory, we have receptors for which three colors:

red, green, blue

Which of the following becomes notably impaired when people are intoxicated.

smooth pursuit eye tracking

The major purpose of the eye's lens is to:

focus light on the retina

Which of the following is most likely for a "Supertaster"

The have more taste buds than other people

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________, which can be effective for teaching a complex chain of events.

shaping

Carol gives her dog, Cutie Pie, a treat after every third time Cutie Pie sits on command. Carol is using a _____ schedule to train her dog to sit on command.

fixed ratio

Which of the following is NOT a form of behavior modification?

cognitive remediation

Your dog becomes classically conditioned to get excited every time you pull a bowl out of your cabinet because she has made the association between the bowl and being fed. The next day you pull a plate out of the dishwasher, your dog gets excited and acts as if she is about to be fed despite never learning the association between a plate and food. This is an example of:

stimulus generalization

____________ reinforcement schedules are used in slot machines and social media platforms, which may explain why gambling and social media use can be addictive (because this reinforcement schedule is the most resistant to extinction).

variable ratio

As an infant, Stephanie received many injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a long, white coat that was similar to a doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of _____________.

classical conditioning

Antabuse, a medication that turns ethanol to wood alcohol, is used for treatment of alcohol abuse. Which behavioral mechanism does it operate by?

operant conditioning: positive punishment

As discussed in class, Shirley Ardell Mason's "multiple personalities" could best be explained by:

Positive Reinforcement by her therapist

As discussed in class, Johnny Cash would be a proponent of:

prisoner job training

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

You are trying to train your dog to do a series of complex tricks: opening the door, retrieving the paper, and putting it on the table. The best way to teach the series of behaviors needed for this complex task would be to use:

shaping

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus generalization

The crowd cheers when their quarterback scores a touchdown. This is an example of

operant conditioning: positive reinforcement

Which is a concern of interrogation:

it leads to high false confession rates

Which are the effects of contingency management for substance use, as discussed in class:

they learn critical skills that help them stay abstinent.