CV-1

SNS

________ directly causes coronary dilation by causing Epi and NE to increase HR and contractility.

Calcium

________ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and causes an action potential across the sarcolemma.

Baroreceptor reflex

________ is lost when arterial pressure is below 50.

S1

________ is the first sound being the mitral and tricuspid valves closing.

Vasodilation increases

________ blood flow to meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium.

Barorecptor reflex

________ is responsible for the maintenance of arterial blood pressure to a preset value through a negative feedback loop where high blood pressure (stretch) causes decrease in HR.

Afterload

________ is impacted by vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

Contractility

________ is affected by ANS and hormones.

Dromotropy

________ is effecting the conduction speed in the AV node.

Preload

________ is affected by venous return and filling time.

Valsalva

________ is forced expiration through a closed glottis which produces increased intrathoracic pressure, increased central venous pressure and decreased venous return which will decrease CO and BP.

PNS

The ________ acts indirectly to cause coronary constriction with the release Ach from vagus nerve which decreases HR.

Intramuscular arteries

________ have more beta receptors and cause vasodilation.

normal mean pressure gradient

The ________ across the mitral valve is less than 2 mmHg.

HR

Factors affecting ________ include atrial reflex which effects ANS and hormones.

ventricles contract

When the ________, pressure gradients across the valves pull the cusps of the mitral and tricuspid valves shut.

Epicardium

________ is the outer most layer that supplies myocardium.

T1 T4

________ part of the thoracic or spinal cord segments are known as the cardiac accelerator fibers which innervate the entire myocardium of ventricles.

NE

________ and Epi primarily bind to beta 1 receptors on the heart that increase its contractility.

CO2

In chemoreceptor when you have low periods of oxygen tensions, so you 're hypoxic or in conditions of acidosis the chemo receptors respond by going to the respiratory center and increasing your ventilatory drive to decrease your ________.

Catecholamines

________ released during SNS stimulation activate beta 1 on the heart.

chordae tendineae

The ________, along with papillary muscle hold the flaps, or cusps, of each valve in place.

thick filaments

The ________ create the M line which is within the H zone.

semilunar valves

The ________ are the aortic valve and pulmonary valve.

LVEDP

________ is about 10 and DBP is about 80, so DBP is major determinant of CPP.

Barorecptor range

________ can be adjusted with conditions like chronic hypertension.

Ionotropy

________ has to do with systolic function.

Phase

________ 3 is repolarization when L type Ca channels close and there is a slow delayed potassium channels open and potassium goes out.

CPP

________ is the pressure that drives coronary perfusion.

Lusitropy

________ is related to the removal of calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Normal coronary blood flow

________ is 4- 5 % of the cardiac output.

Adenosine

________ has the greatest vasodilatory capacity.

fibrous double

The heart is surrounded by a(n) ________ walled sac called the pericardium, which envelops the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

Ach

________ is the transmitter of PNS.

Flow

________ to the epicardium area is not affected during cardiac cycle.​.

Chemoreceptor reflex

________ is chemosensitive cells in carotid bodies and aortic arch that responds to pH and oxygen tension.

pulmonary trunk

The pericardium is pierced, meaning something's going through it superiorly by the aorta, the ________, and the superior vena cava.

thin filaments

The ________ contain tropomyosin and troponin.

RV subendocardium

________ is perfused during both systole and diastole.

Sarcoplasm

________ is the intracellular fluid where electrolytes and mitochondria.

T wave

The ________ is the ventricular repolarization when the ventricular muscle fibers begin to relax.

membrane

The resting ________ potential in a cardiac cell is negative 90.

Ca

________ in sarcoplasms interact to form cross bridge formation between the myosin and actin.

sarcomere

Each ________ is bound by two Z lines and contains thin and thick filaments.

cardiac muscle

The striations in ________ are the actin and myosin filaments within the myofibrils.

pericardium

The ________ protects the heart and holds it in place.

dichronit notch segment

The ________ represents retrograde blood flow back into the left ventricle before aortic valve closure.

sarcolemma

The ________ is the cell membrane of the muscle fiber.

Subendocardium

________ is beneath the endocardium and most vulnerable to ischemia.

pulmonary vascular system

The ________ serves as a blood reservoir the left side of the heart.