Body fluids and circulation

zoology

Blood origin and pH and amount in body

mesodermal

7.4 pH slightly alkaline

5-6 L

percentage of plasma and formed elements

55% plasma

45% formed elements

plasma appearance and its constituents are

straw coloured, viscous fluid

90-92 percent of plasma is water

6-8 percent proteins

Plasma also contain small amount of minerals and ions

glucose amino acids and lipids also present as they are always transit in the body

plasma contains clotting factors in inactive stage

functions of globulins, albumins and fibrinogen

fibrinogen, globulins and albumins are major proteins in plasma

1. globulins are primarily involved in defense mechanisms

2. albumins help to maintain osmotic balance

3. fibrinogens help in blood clotting

serum is

plasma - clotting factors

number of rbc in blood

5.5 million per mm3

formation of rbc in embryonic form and adults

embryonic form

1. yolk sac (early)

2. liver, spleen(later)

3. red bone marrow(late)

4. adults- red bone marrow only

which vitamin essential for rbc formation

vitamin b12 cyanocobalamin

vitamin b9 folic acid

increase in number of rbc in high altitudes is termed as

polycythemia

life span of rbc

rbc is enucleated in most mammals except

120 days

llama and camel have nucleated rbc

amount of haemoglobin present in 100 gm of blood

12-16 gm

leucocytes number

6000-8000 per mm3

stem cells in red bone marrow help in formation of

rbc, wbc, platelets and every formed elements

examples of granulocytes and agranulocytes of wbc

granulocytes- 1. neutrophils 2. eusinophils or acidophils 3. basophils

agranulocytes 1. monocytes 2. lymphocytes

percentage of neutrophil eosinophil and basophil monocyte and lymphocytes

• 60-65% neutro

2-3% acido

0.5-1% baso

6-8% monocytes

20-25% lymphocytes

shape of nuclei of neutrophil eosinophil and basophil monocyte and lymphocytes

1. multilobed

2. headphone shaped

3. s shaped

4. horse shoe/kidney/bean shape(largest)

5. round

life span of wbc is

short lived

role of neutrophil eosinophil and basophil,monocyte and lymphocytes

1. phagocytic

2. number increase during allergic reaction and helminthic disease

3. secretes histamine heparin and serotonin and also gives inflammattory reaction

4. phagocytic

5. immunity

antihistamine and histamine is secreted by ___ and ____ respectively

eosinophil secrete histaminidase or anti histamine

basophil act like mast cell and secrete histamine

the squeezing out of wbc from blood capillaries is termed as

diapedesis

blood platelets number

and life span

1.5-3.5 lakh per mm3

RBC> platelets> WBC

1 week life span

platelets are formed from ____ made by stem cells

megakaryocytes

decrease in platelets is termed as

thrombocytopenia

blood clotting process

1. platelets have thromboplastin

2. more and more thromboplastin come together and form thrombokinase

ABO blood grouping is based on

presence of two surface antigens on rbc

A,B,AB,O blood group have antibody against

O is universal donor

AB is universal reciever

rh positive can give blood to rh negative or not

no

Rh antigen is found in nearly ___ percent of human population

80 percent

erythroblastosis foetalis occurs when

rh -ve mother has rh +ve baby as first child and has rh +ve child as next

the first child blood comes in contact during delivery then mother starts building rh antibodies and these antibodies harm the second child

this can cause severe anaemia and jaundice in baby

erythroblastosis foetalis can be prevented by administering rh antigen to the mother immediately after delivery of first child

true false

false

rh antibodies given

lymph composition

lymph has same composition as plasma except some large proteins

lymph= blood-(rbc+platelets+large proteins)

lymph is tissue fluid which acts as

middle man for transport of gases, nutrients, wastes between blood and tissue

important carrier for hormones and nutrients

lacteals are

lymphatic capillaries present in the small intestine for fat absorption

lymph contains

lymph is a colourless fluid which contains special lymphocytes which are responsible for immune responses in the body