HOSA Clinical nursing review

What system has greatly increased the number and types of health care settings?

Health care system

What health care workers help individuals and aggregates (groups) to improve health of the entire community?

Community health nurses

What system has greatly increased the number and types of health care settings?

Health care system

What health care workers help individuals and aggregates (groups) to improve health of the entire community?

Community health nurses

What is the main difference between home health care nursing and public health care nursing?

Direct care to patients

What major health care involves teaching patients and families to care for themselves so as to promote independent functioning?

Home health care

What is a major source of home health care funding?

Medicare

For what do these 4 conditions have to be met for?

1. the physician has determined the need for home care and has made or authorized a plan for home care

2. the patient needs intermitted skilled nursing care or physical or speech-language therapy or continued occupational therapy

3. the patient is homebound

4. the agency providing the care is Medicare certified

Medicare

What are high-technology interventions (the provisions of intravennous therapy and ventilator), hospice services, pediatric care, and mental health care for?

Specialty home care services

What is the process of restoring an individual to the best possible health and functioning following a physical or mental impairment and the prevention of further disablity?

Rehabilitation

Caring for what type of patient requires the coordinated services of a large number of health care professionals to help patients stay healthy and prevent complications or injuries?

Disabled

As an effective member of a multidiscipliary rehabilitation team, the ____ is a care planner, teacher, caregiver, counselor, coordinator and advocate.

Nurse

_____ _____ workers must consider the way a disabled individual funciton within the family and the patient and family should be involved from the outset in determining the plan of care

Health care

______ in activites of daily living is the best indicator of who will need nursing home placement.

Dependence

What residential care exists in these four levels:

1. domicilary care

2. sheltered housing

3. intermediate care

4. skilled care

Modern long-term

Care delivered in ____-____ _____ residential facility is based on three principles:1. promontion of independence

2. maintenance of function

3. maintenance of autonomy (freedom from external authority to make decisions about one's health and health care)

Long-term care

What is is the cornerstone of the healing process. To support and maintain life or fight disease, the body must be supplied with the proper nutrients?

Nutrition

What process involves enzymes help break down food particles to their simplest form so that the nutrients can be absorbed by the body?

Digestive

What body system regulates neural control and the secrection of hormones?

Gastrointestinal

Parasympathetic nerves simulate what?

Digestive activity

What major organ is is normally emptied in 1 to 4 hours, dependign on the amount and kinds of foods eaten?

Stomach

The primary organ of absorbtion is the ____ _____.

Small intestine

Fluids, vitamins, and minerals are absorbed through the intestinal _____.

Mucosa

The body makes use the energy received through the food that is eaten, and the _____ portion of _____ expenditure occurs during rest to carry out the mechanical activities needed to sustain life processes.

Largest/energy

Although ______ are the body's main source of food energy, ____ are the most concentrated source.

Carbohydrates/fats

Most of the energy needed to move, perform activites, and live is consumed in the form of _____, which are converted primarily to glucose for immediate use by the body's cells.

Carbohydrates

_____ are a major source of energy for muscle tissue, even when glucose is available.

Lipids

_____ are made of smaller units called amino acids.

Proteins

_____ and _____ are micronutrients; they are needed in small amounts for good health.

Vitamins/minerals

_____ is the largest component of the body and body tissues are essential to all life processes in the body.

Water

Maintaining a good diet can help middle-aged and older adults maintain a high level of function and reduce the risks of ______ disease.

Chronic

Because of the normal decline in metabolism and physical activity, _____ needs lessens with age.

Energy

______ are at risk for megaloblastic anemia if adequate _______ ___ is not added to the diet.

Vegetarians/vitamin B12

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia and binge eating disorder are _______ disorders that often begin in adolescence.

Eating

______ disorders are thought to be caused by multiple biologic, psychologic, sociocultural and spiritual factors.

Eating

For the patients who cannot take ____ feedings, nutritional support may be provided through enteral tube feedings, or peripheral or central catheters.

Oral

If a subcutaneous injection is to be given at a 90 degree angle, you should choos a needle that is ___ inches in length.

1/2

If a subcutaneous injection is to be given at a 45 degree angle, you should choose a needle that is ___ inches in length.

5/8

_______ _______ is enough of a drug to produce the desired physiological response, but not enogh to cause toxicity.

Therapeutic response

All _____ should be stored in a locked cabinet.

Narcotics

Narcotics should be _____ frequently, during the opening of narcotic drawers, and/or shift change.

Counted

Report descrepancies in narcotic counts ____.

Immediately

If you give only part of a premeasured dose of a controlled substance, a ____ nurse witnesses' disposal of the unused portion.

Second

_____ nurses sign their names on the required form.

Both

_____ is the passage of medication molecules into the blood from the site of administration.

Absorption

After a medication is absorbed, it is ______ to tissues and organs and finally to the site of drug action.

Distributed

The rate and extent of distribution depends on _____ , cell membrane ______, and protein binding. When there is poor perfusion, as in the case of heart failure, this ____ medication distribution.

Circulation/permeability/alters

After a medication reaches its site of action, it becomes ______ into a less active or inactive form.

Metabolized

Most biotransformation occurs in the _____, although the lungs, kidneys, blood, and intestines also play a role

Liver

Patients (e.g., older adults and those with chronic disease) are at risk for ________ ______ if their organs that metabolize medications do not function correctly.

Medication toxicity

The final aspect of pharmacokinetics is ______, the process of medications exiting the body through the lungs, exocrine glands, bowel, kidneys, and liver.

Excretion

A medication's _____ _____ determines the organ of excretion. For example, gaseous and volatile compounds, such as alcohol and nitrous oxide, exit through the _____.

Chemical makeup/lungs

In medications exit through sweat glands, you provide ______ to reduce skin irritation.

Hygiene

You must know if a drug is excreted through the ______, because the administration of laxatives or enemas increases ______, accelerates excretion, and thus lessens the time for drug effects.

Intestines/peristalsis

When patients have reduced ____ function, they are at risk for medication toxicity.

Renal

It is important to know the exact _______ ______ for which a medication is prescribed so you can properly _____ patients about a medication's intended effect and to accurately evaluate the medication's desired effect.

Therapeutic effect/teach

Sometimes a single medication has many therapeutic effects. For example, _____ relieves pain and reduces fever and tissue inflammation.

Aspirin

_____ _____ are predictable and often unavoidable secondary effects produced at a usual therapeutic drug dose.

Side effects

Some antihypertensive medications cause _______ in male patients.

Impotence

If the side effects are serious enough to outweigh the _____ of a medication's therapeutic action, the prescriber will likely _____ the medication.

Benefits/discontinue

Patients commonly _____ taking medications because of side effects such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, and diarrhea.

Stop

_____ drug effects are unintended, undesirable, and often unpredictable.

Adverse

Unfortunately, although ADEs are sometimes immediately apparent, they often take ___ or ____ to develop.

Weeks/months

_____ recognition and reporting of ADEs will prevent serious injury to patients.

Prompt

_____ _____ develop after prolonged intake of a medication, when a medication accumulates in the blood because of impaired metabolism or excretion, or when too high a dose is given.

Toxic effects

Toxic levels of morphine, an opioid, cause severe _____ ______ and death.

Respiratory depression

Medications often cause unpredictable effects such as an _______ _______, in which a patient _______or _______to a medication or has a reaction different from normal.

idiosyncratic reaction/overreacts/underreacts

Predicting which patients will have an idiosyncratic response is _______.

Impossible

Ativan, an antianxiety medication, when given to an older adult may cause _____ and ______.

Agitation/delirium

_______ ______ also are unpredictable responses to a medication. Exposure to an initial dose of a medication causes a patient to become sensitized _______.

Allergic reactions/immunologically

The medication acts as an ____, which causes _______ to be produced. With repeated _________, the patient develops an allergic response to the drug, its chemical preservatives, or a metabolite.

antigen/antibodies/administration

Among the different classes of medications, ________ cause a high incidence of allergic reactions.

Antibiotics

__ is fastest, directly into the blood stream.

IV

__ is second fastest, injected into muscle then absorbed into the bloodstream.

IM

__ is third fastest, injected into subcutaneous tissue, then absorbed slower than IM.

SQ

__ is slowest, swallowed by the patient, then goes through the stomach, then the first pass effect, then absorbed by the Digestive tract.

PO

The highest serum concentration (_____ concentration) of a medication usually occurs just before the body absorbs the ____ of the medication.

Peak/last

With _________ infusions, the peak concentration occurs quickly, but the serum level also begins to fall ______.

IV/immediately

The point at which the lowest amount of drug is in the serum is the ______ concentration.

Trough

A patient's trough level is drawn as a blood sample __ ______before administering the drug, and the peak level is drawn whenever the drug is expected to reach its peak _____.

30 minutes/concentration

What is The right medication, The right dose, The right patient, The right route, The right time, The right documentation?

The 6 rights of medication

______ procedures classified by purpose are:

1. Diagnostic

2. Exploratory

3. Curative

4. Palliative

5. Cosmetic

Surgical

______ procedure involves the removal and study of tissue to make an accurate diagnosis.

Diagnostic

_______ procedure includes a more extensive procedure than a biopsy.

Exploratory

________ procedure is made to remove diseased tissue or to correct defects.

Curative

_______ procedure relieves symptoms or improves function without correcting the basic problem.

Palliative

_______ procedure is performed to correct serious defects that affects appearance.

Cosmetic

_____ that affect surgical outcomes are age, nutritional status, fluid and electrolyte balance, medical diagnoses, drugs, and habits such as use of tobacco and alcohol.

Variables

The ______ of the surgical experience are Preoperative, Intraoperative and Postoperative.

Phases

_____ measures to reduce patient anxiety and increase knowledge about the surgical experience may actually decreas complications.

Nursing

______ teaching should include surgical preparation; what to expect in the surgical suite and the PACU; what tubes, dressings, or equipment may be in place after surgery; and how patient participation can promote ______.

Preoperative/surgery

Before _____, the patient or legal guardiean mus sign a legal ____ form. Consent form from the patient must be obtained ______ preoperative medications are given.

Surgery/consent/before

After preoperative medications are given, the patient should _____ in bed.

Remain

The ____ team consists of nurses who circulate, nurses who scrub, an RFNA, one or more surgeons, an anesthesiologist or a nurse anesthetist, and other technical personnel.

Surgical

______ is an ongoing development process that begins at conception and ends at death.

Aging

______ is the study of aging.

Gerontology

______ is the biomedical science of old age and the application of knowledge related to the biologic, biomedical, behavioral, and social aspects of aging to the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care of older people.

Geriatrics

_______ nursing aims to increase healthy behaviors in the aged, minimize and compensate for health-related losses and impairments of aging, and facilitate the diagnosis, care, and treatment of disease in the aged.

Gerontological

Health care providers must recognize myths about the older adult and aging that results in _____ and _____ against older people.

Stereotyping/discrimination

Age-related ____ that contribute to a decreased ability to clear drugs through the ____ and renal system place the older adult at risk for adverse drug effects.

Changes/liver

What is the normal visual acuity range for neonates?

20/100 to 20/400

What is involuntary rapid eye movements common in neonates called?

Nystagmus