BAP 1 FInal

What are EDPs?

expected progeny difference (estimated genetic value)

cow

a reproductively sound female

brainer/ header

swelling of the brain
-TEME: passed through sex
-PEM: gasses move from the stomach to the brain b/c of too much sulfate in the feed

teaser/ goner

vasectomized male
-used to show when a cow is in heat

which are dominant
-polled vs horned
-black, white, red hide

-polled dominant over horned
-black dominant over red, red dominant over white

what are the three non-glandular components of the stomach

the rumen, reticulum, and omasum.
-no enzymes
-high microbial fermentation

hierarchy of nutrient use (most to least)

maintenance- development- growth- lactation- reproduction- fattening

why do we feed cattle

they can digest low quality food (or foods humans cannot digest) and turn it into high quality products.
-leather
-meat
-soap
-medicine capsules
-makeup

what is a bull

Uncastrated male bovine (intact)

eructation

expelling of gas produced from microbial fermentation (not a belch)

heirferette

a female cow, older than 2 who has not calved
-sold to feedlot

6 nutrient categories

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water

4 Rs of rumination

regurgitation, remastication, resalivation, redeglutition

define CAFO

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

what is an indirect nutrient transfer

plant products to animals to animal products (milk, meat, etc) to human nourishment

Non-functional nutrients

yields little to no physiological response beyond added dietary energy

Define nutrients

chemical compound or element in the diet that supports life processes (growth, maintenance, reproduction)

what is a wet cow

a cow currently in the cycle of lactation

what is a feedlot

last stop before the packer in cattle production: maximizes growth potential

what is a backgrounder

early post-weaned calf goes here till ready for feedlot with a confinement/ drylot program

what is a heifer

a female cow who has not yet calf, under 2 years old

how long does a cow lactate and what ends the cycle? (beef)

305 days and weaning stops the cycle

when should a calf be weaned? (beef)

6-7months, after 90-100 days the mother doesn't supply anymore nutrients

why is the cattle industry not vertically integrated?

-relative cost=cheaper to only handle one section of cattle production
-easiest to focus on one section

how does the mouth contribute to rumination

-no upper incisors
-moves laterally

functional nutrients

yields a physiological response

practical nutrition

balance of feed cost and animal performance

how does saliva contribute to rumination

-no enzymes
-buffers (maintains pH)
-lubricates
-moistens food
-supplies nutrients to microbes
*60-100 L/day are made
*contain urea

what is a dry cow?

a cow that is not lactating

what is the direct nutrient transfer

plant products to human nourishment

what do cellulolytic microbes do

ferments cellulose

homozygous vs heterozygous alleles

Having identical alleles for the same gene vs. having different alleles for the same gene.

Phenotype vs. Genotype

- Phenotype: expressed physical traits
- Genotype: Genetic make-up

what is the one glandular component of the stomach

abomasum
-HCI and enzyme secretion

where is gastric acid

stomach

what is a fresh cow

a cow that has recently given birth and is beginning to produce milk

chronic/ railer/ realizer

a cow that is always sick for no reason

top 10 beef cattle production states

1.texas
2.oklahoma
3.missouri
4.nebraska
5.south Dakota
6.kansas
7.montana
8.kentucky
9.north dakota
20.iowa

average number of cows in an average operation? average number in a cow/calf operation

average= 100
cow/ calf= 50

what are non-essential nutrition

enough is synthesized in the body so that is doesn't have to be added to the diet

what is a first time heifer

a female cow that has has her first calf

What are essential nutrients?

not enough is synthesized in the body and must be added to the diet

what do amylolytic microbes do

ferments non-structural carbohydrates (starch)

what is a stocker

early post-weaned calf fed here until it is ready for the feedlot, utilizes free range

what is a steer

castrated male bovine

what is a wether

castrated male sheep
*George in lab

what is sire

paternal contributor to DNA

what is a dam

maternal contributor to DNA

what is parturition

act of giving birth

what is parity

the number of times giving birth

Define lamb

baby sheep

define lambing

the act of giving birth in sheep

define lamb in marketing

meat from a sheep LESS THAN one year of age

define mutton in marketing

meat from a sheep MORE THAN one year of age

can all wool breeds be used for meat

yes

can all neat breeds be used for wool

no but almost all

how long is gestation last in ewes

138-149 days (average 147)
*multiple lamb reduce gestation

when does sexual maturity occur in sheep

5-12 months depending on breed and season
-rams: sperm in ejaculate
-ewes: first ovulation (egg release)

what is maturity in sheep

-ewes: minimum 70% of mature weight
-rams: minimum 50% of mature weight

What kind of breeders are sheep?

short day breeders; photoperiod
mainly in September, October, November
melatonin->GnRh-> estrous

What is the flehmen response?

Lip curl (pushes pheromones through the vomeronasal organ)
-determines if ewes are receptive to breeding

what is a marking harness

An apron that the ram wears with a crayon and they mark the females as they breed them.
-give more information that just if the ewe was mounted

why is it rare to see sheep breeding

-low light breeders
-instantaneous ejaculates (3 seconds)

signs prior to lambing

-full udder
-swelling and relaxation of the vulva
-relaxation of the pelvic gridle

stages of parturition

1. dilation of cervix
2. expulsion of fetus
3. expulsion of placenta
*feet should be first followed by the nose

memorize

what is a lambing jug

a small clean pen used for lambing and the after
-allows for bonding

what is the number one cause of death in lambs

starvation
-inadequate colostrum
-inadequate milk production
-rejection from dam (mother)
-injury

sheep production advantages and disadvantages

advantages- easy to handle, doesn't require elaborate facilities or equipment, and possible double income (wool and meat)
disadvantages- predation, need really strong management

what is finish

muscle growth optimal fat for slaughter

impacts of predators

serious decrease in inventory
2009
-247000 head loss due to predators
-37% total loss
-$20.5 million loss

types of prevention for predators

-physical barriers (fence)
-humans presence
-guardian animals
-lights and music
*multiple methods work the best

what are the different types of fences

-woven wire
-electric
-electric (hoy wire)
-barbed wire

fight or flight (sheep)

sheep will almost always choose flight the only exception is maternal stomping

what are different types of guardian animals

-dogs
-donkeys
-lamas
*not pets: only live with the sheep

types of predators to sheep

#1 domestic dog- chasing game, rarely kills or eats the sheep just severely injures
#2 coyotes- attacks for food, mainly attacks the neck
cougar (mountain lion)- attacks head, neck and throat, will lick away the wool, attack for food
bears- attacks from the top, may drag away, eats the rumen

how many dairy goats were in the U.S in 2020

440,000

why and how to debud/ dehorn goats

-b/c of safety for the goats but is also now a breed standard
ways to dehorn
-hot iron: cauterizes tissue
-caustic paste: dissolves horn base
-knife: typically only on the older goats
*all dairy goats have horns
*earlier management= less stress on animal

Why is hoof trimming important?

to prevent overgrowth issues
-foot rot
-laminitis
-joint/ tendon damage

What is mastitis? and treatment?

-infection of the mammary glands and udder tissue
-cause by bacterial infection
treatment: antibiotics (all milk must be dumped)

what is a flock

group of sheep

what is a ewe

female sheep

what is a ram

intact male sheep (uncastrated)

how many teats di goats have? what are the two parts produce and move milk

-two teats with one canal
alveoli: produces milk
myoepitheal: squeezes milk out of the alveoli

know the parts

what controls lactation

STIMULUS: hypothalamus- sensory input- suckling
RESPONSE: hypothalamus- pituitary gland- prolactin-milk production
OR
hypothalamus- pituitary gland- oxytocin- milk release

how long is the dry period and why is B vitamin higher in cows/goat milk

60 days and ruminants make their own

products from meat goats

milk, meat, hair, skin and land management

why are meat goats the fastest growing in the livestock industry

-increase in demand
~high quality
~lean
-ethnic consumers
-niche market

top 5 meat goat states

1.texas
2.tennessee
3.califonia
4.oklahoma
5.missouri

meat goat breeding management
-sexual maturity
-physiological maturity
-gestation

-sexual maturity: 4-5 months
-physiological maturity
bucks: 12 months
does: 7-10 months
-gestation: 145-155 days (average 150 days)
*kidding determines breeding season

what is early embryotic death

when the baby dies so early you may never know she was pregnant and the fetus is reabsorbed or mummification occurs (= fetus walled inside and will come out mummified when she gives birth)

what is fetal cortisol

a hormone required for parturition to occur

what is a kidding pen and what are its components

temporary housing for doe to bond with their kids when they are done bonding they'll be moved outside
-typically has heat lambs, and a creep feed

what is the most common amount of kids a doe gives birth to

twins

ideal presentation of birth and how should the kid act after birth

ideal presentation is feet first and then the nose.
after birth the kid should stand up quickly but may need assistance in drying
*if kidding last more than 15 minutes then may need to assist

what is the reproductive life span of a meat goat?
what effects this

lifespan:
-average: 4-5 parities
-upper end: 6-8 parities
effecting factors
-health: mastitis
-teeth: decreased the ability to eat and body condition

how many kids can a doe raise effectively

ideal 2 but upward to 4
*heavily dependent on milk production

what is lanolin

fatty substance
-gives lamb nasty taste if there is too much

where is the most meat imported from? the second? (sheep)

#1 Australia: 68-70%
#2 New Zealand: 30-32%