HWH Chapter 9 study Guide

read the title smh

Muhammad

(ca. 570–632) Believed by Muslims to be the last prophet who received God’s revelations directly from the angel Gabriel. The first leader of the Muslim community.

Caliph

Literally “successor.” Before 945, the caliph was the successor to Muhammad and the supreme political and religious leader of the Islamic world. After 945, the caliph had no political power but served as the religious leader of all Muslims.

Jihad

(Arabic root for “striving” or “effort”) A struggle or fight against non-Muslims.

Hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca, required of all Muslims who can afford the trip. The pilgrimage commemorates that moment when, just as he was about to sacrifice him, Abraham freed Ishmael and sacrificed a sheep in his place.

Qadi

A Muslim jurist.

Quran

The book that Muslims believe is the direct word of God as revealed to Muhammad. Written sometime around 650.

Hadith

Testimony recorded from Muhammad’s friends and associates about his speech and actions. Formed an integral part of the Islamic textual tradition, second in importance only to the Quran.

Sunnis

The larger of the two main Islamic groups that formed after Ali’s death. Sunnis, meaning the “people of custom and the community,” hold that the leader of Islam should be chosen by consensus and that legitimate claims to descent are only through the male line. Sunnis do not believe that Ali and Fatima’s descendants can become caliph.

Shi’ites

The “shia” or “party of Ali,” one of the two main groups of Islam, who support Ali’s claim to succeed Muhammad and believe that the grandchildren born to Ali and Fatima should lead the community. Shi’ites deny the legitimacy of the first three caliphs.

Astrolabe

Computational instrument that allowed observers to calculate their location on earth to determine the direction of Mecca for their prayers. Also functioned as a slide rule.

Ulama

Learned Islamic scholars who studied the Quran, the hadith, and legal texts. They taught classes, preached, and heard legal disputes.

Bedouin

Arab Nomads of the desert

Mecca

The holiest city in Islam that contains the Kaaba, a black square with a black rock. Muslims make it a goal to go on a pilgrimage here at least once in their life. Mohammed was born here and later conquered it.

Medina

This is where Mohammed went on his hijrah to escape clan leaders who felt threatened.

Africa

The world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.

Hijrah

Means “migration” This is when Mohammed and his followers moved to Medina.

Abu-Bakr

The first caliph of the Islam empire. He was Mohammed’s father in law from his 2nd wife.

Ali

Son in law and cousin of Mohammed. Was assassinated in 661. He split the religion because people think he should’ve been the 1st caliph since he’s a descendant, some believe he should stay as the 4th.

Khadija

Mohammed’s first wife. She lived a devout Ascetic lifestyle (eyes on the prize)

Ramadan

the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.

Abraham

The father of the 3 main religions. Believed to have stopped right before sacrificing Ishmael, which is what the Hajj commemorates.

Hagar

The handmaiden of Sarah who had Ishmael with Abraham.

Ishmael

1st child of Abraham, and son of Hagar. Takes the place of Issac and was going to be sacrificed according to Muslims.

Kaaba

A black square that contains a black rock. Muslims believe that this was sent from heaven and turned black due to the sins of this world. Originally drew many people to Mecca to worship their deity, allowing Mecca to thrive in the process. The Kaaba was later repurposed for the Muslim beliefs.

Dhimmi

People of the book (Jews, Christians), they were right below Arabs/Muslims

Umayyad Dynasty

the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the caliphate. Only members of the Muayah’s family of the Umayyad Clan became caliphs, hence the name. Muslim empire reached its greatest extent under this.

Abbasid Dynasty

The successor dynasty to the Umayyad after the civil war for caliphate broke out. They claim to be descendants from Mohammed’s uncle: Abbas. Known for scientific, artistic, and literary achievements, such as algebra, calligraphy, and the Thousand and One Nights.

Damascus

Located in Syria; capital of the Umayyad Dynasty

Baghdad

The Abbasid’ Dynasty’s capital. Became the city of learning and had the first paper making factory.

al-Khwarizmi

The father of algebra. Algebra and Algorithms come from his name.

al-Idrisi

Made a silver plate that depicted a map of the world, and made a world map that was 3yd x 3/2 yd and fairly detailed.

Start of the Muslim calendar

In 622 AD or 0 AH, after the continued persecution of Muslims and plotted assassination of Mohammed, he and his followers fled to Medina where they accepted Muslims. This was the first formation of a community of Muslims and marked the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

Islamic Calendar

The Islamic calendar calculated each year as twelve lunar months of 29.5 days each, with no adjustment for the remaining days. Each day falls at a lightly different time each calendar year.

1st Pillar of Islam

To bear witness to Allah as the sole god and to accept Muhammad as his messenger

2nd Pillar of Islam

To pray five times a day in the direction of Mecca

3rd Pillar of Islam

To pay a fixed share of one’s income to the state in support of the poor and needy

4th Pillar of Islam

To refrain from eating, drinking, and sexual activity during the daytime hours of the month of Ramadan

5th Pillar of Islam

Provided one has the necessary resources, to do the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca