Green 4

what does fractionation of crude oil/reforming give

* 90% fuel
* 10% methane, ethane, naphtha } base chems made from these

what are drop in replacements

biobased chem w the exact same chem structure as a fossil derived equivalent

advantages of drop in replacements

good economically as the same downstream processing and use of that molecule can be applied

what are biorefinery generations based on

• diversity of biomass they can process

• variety of processing methods/technologies they use

• range of products they can make

what is feedstock

any unprocessed materials used to supply a manufacturing process → unprocessed biomass used to produce chems/materials. oft the constituent parts of biomass (sugars, cellulose, lignin etc) are also treated as feedstocks

what is biomass

material of biological origin excl material embedded in geological formations and/or fossilised

examples of biomass feedstock

* conventional agricultural crops
* agricultural residues
* forestry biomass
* herbaceous en crops
* short rotation coppice
* algae

what is macroalgae

seaweed

what is cellulose comprised of

C6 repeating units

what links the C6 units in cellulose

β-1,4’-glycosidic linkage

structure of cellulose

typically semi-crystalline, strong and highly resistant to hydrolysis

what is hemicellulose

an amorphous polysaccharide and much more easily hydrolysed than cellulose

what is lignin

polymer of aromatic monomers

function of cellulose in lignocellulose

gives strength

function of lignin in lignocellulose

acts as a glue, has microbial resistance

what is starch comprised of

primarily C6 units w a mix of linear (amylose) and branched (amylopectin) polymeric forms

what links amylose chains

α,1-4 linkages

what links amino acids

peptide bonds

primary structure of proteins

linear seq of aas

secondary structure of proteins

local folding of polypeptide ch into helices or sheets

tertiary structure of proteins

3D folding pattern of protein due to side ch ints

quaternary structure of proteins

protein consisting of more than 1 aa ch

which amino acids are good for bio chems

lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid

what is a triglyceride

fat or oil

when is a triglyceride a fat

if its solid at 25 deg

when is a triglyceride an oil

if its liquid at 25 deg

what determines mp of triglyceride

fatty acid ch length and lvl of unsat

what are triglycerides from plants typically

oils

what are triglycerides from animals typically

fats - longer chs w less unsat

how many processing steps for a plat molecule

has to be 3 or less

a key diff btwn plat molecs and base chems

is more ox in plat molecs

whats the most abundant constituent of biomass

sacchrides e.g. glucose, cellulose, hemicellulose

what does recalcitrant mean

resistant to processing

what determines what plat molecs you produce

a combo of biomass youre converting and chosen processing tech

when are platforms normally seen

when several chems/molecules are treated together to produce products

what are key bulk products from ethanol

ethene, acetaldehyde and acetic acid

how can you exploit triglycerides as a platform

use as chemicals or break down into glycerol and fatty acids/esters and use those as chemicals

how do you calculate theoretical % biobased content

(cumulative RMM of bio-based atoms/total RMM of products) x 100

what are **not** biobased

H2O and atmos gases (e.g. O2 for oxidation)

% bio based c =

pMC/REF year x 100

pros of atom eco

* simple, can be done before any rxns are carried out
* considers not only prod but by-prods too

cons of atom eco

* ignores yield of rxn steps
* ignores other reagents (solvents, catalysts etc.)
* doesnt consider if reactants and prods rare bio-based

what is biomass utilisation efficiency (BUE) metric

metric that takes into account how much of the original biomass feedstock ends up in prod

what is elemental sustainability

concept whereby sustainability of each element in the periodic table is guaranteed

what are critical elements

those elements of higher eco importance but that have supply risk associated w them

what factors could affect criticality of element

* LT availability
* eco importance - tech change
* distribution of elements
* geopolitical issues
* cost of mining/ processing
* supply/demand issues
* Hitchhiker elements
* sustainability

what is annual global virgin production

tonnes of that element mined that year, **not used**

Year’s Remaining at current rates of production (YRx) for any particular element:

YRx = known global reserves/annual global virgin production

what are known global reserves

total global known metric tonnage of an element (pure or ore) that can be economically and legally extracted using existing tech

what are known global resources

those that are accessible w both current and future tech

what is annual global recycling rate

percent of an elements annual global total production (virgin+recycled) that is met by recycling for reuse

recycling rate =

(quantity of element recycled/annum / annual global total production) x 100

role of ferrulate units in hemicellulose

allow it to attach well to lignin

what types of prods is starch good fo r

short lifetime as its easy to break down

why can pMC be >100%

testing of nuc warheads increased the amount of 14C in atmos (‘bomb 14C’)

how is the only way bio-based industrial prods can compete w petro-chem based prods

if the raw mats are optimally exploited and a variety of value-creating chains are developed

\
must produce en, chems, materials, food and feed in unison

what prods come from gasification of lignin

syngas