4453 Psychopathology Exam 3/Final-Neurodevelopmental and Childhood Disorders

Overall prevalence of childhood disorders?

Approximately 15–20%.

Internalizing disorders?

Inward distress (anxiety, depression).

Externalizing disorders?

Outward behavior problems (ADHD, ODD, Conduct Disorder).

DSM-5 core diagnostic domains for Autism Spectrum Disorder?

• Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction

• Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Severity level 1 of ASD?

Requiring support.

Severity level 2 of ASD?

Requiring substantial support.

Severity level 3 of ASD?

Requiring very substantial support.

ASD prevalence?

1 in 50 school-aged children; male:female ratio 4–5:1.

Percentage of individuals with ASD who have intellectual disability?

About 38%.

Risk of autism if one child already has ASD?

About 20% (100× general population risk).

Concordance rates for ASD in twins?

Monozygotic: 60–95%; Dizygotic: much lower.

Key brain structures implicated in ASD?

Amygdala (larger early), limbic system, cerebellum, abnormal early brain growth.

Most effective psychosocial treatment for ASD?

Behavioral interventions (ABA-based approaches).

Other important ASD treatments?

Speech/language therapy, occupational therapy, social skills training.

DSM-5-TR symptom requirement for ADHD (children ≤16)?

6+ symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

DSM-5-TR symptom requirement for ADHD (age ≥17)?

5+ symptoms.

ADHD worldwide prevalence?

About 5%.

Male:female ratio for ADHD Combined Type?

About 3:1.

ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type includes what symptoms?

Distractibility, forgetfulness, poor sustained attention, disorganization.

ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type includes what symptoms?

Fidgeting, impulsivity, excessive talking, difficulty waiting.

ADHD Combined Type includes what?

Symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

What is executive function?

Cognitive processes for self-regulation (working memory, inhibition, organization, time management).

Executive function impairments in ADHD?

Poor impulse control, time blindness, weak working memory, motivation difficulties.

Heritability of ADHD?

About 75%.

Concordance rate for ADHD in identical twins?

About 65%.

Brain circuitry implicated in ADHD?

Frontostriatal circuitry (prefrontal cortex + basal ganglia).

Key neurotransmitter involved in ADHD?

Dopamine.

Primary pharmacological treatment for ADHD?

Psychostimulants.

Examples of stimulant medications?

Ritalin, Concerta, Adderall, Vyvanse, Focalin.

How do stimulants work?

Improve dopamine signaling → better impulse control and attention.

Non-stimulant ADHD medications?

Strattera (atomoxetine), Intuniv (guanfacine), Qelbree (viloxazine).

Best treatment approach for ADHD?

Medication and behavioral parent training.

Core features of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

Angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, vindictiveness.

Common comorbid disorders with ODD?

ADHD, Conduct Disorder, mood disorders.

Family risk factors for ODD?

Inconsistent discipline, family psychopathology.

Core feature of Conduct Disorder?

Persistent violation of rules and rights of others.

Examples of Conduct Disorder behaviors?

Aggression, theft, vandalism, truancy, bullying.

What is Rumination Disorder?

Repeated regurgitation and rechewing of food.

Diagnostic criteria for Tourette’s Disorder?

Multiple motor tics + at least one vocal tic for >1 year.

Transient tic disorder duration?

Less than 1 year.

What is enuresis?

Repeated urination into bed or clothes.

What is encopresis?

Repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places.

What is Reactive Attachment Disorder?

Inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior due to severe neglect.

DSM-5-TR criteria for Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD)?

Prevalence of IDD?

About 2%.

Percentage of people with mild ID?

About 90%.

IQ range for mild ID?

50-70

IQ range for moderate ID?

35-49

IQ range for severe ID?

20-34

IQ range for profound ID?

Below 20

Cause of Down Syndrome?

Trisomy 21.

Key features of Down Syndrome?

Moderate ID, characteristic facial features, increased maternal age risk.

Cause of Fragile X Syndrome?

Break on X chromosome; males more affected.

Cause of PKU?

Enzyme deficiency affecting phenylalanine metabolism.

Cause of Tay-Sachs Disease?

Recessive gene causing lipid metabolism failure.

Cause of Klinefelter’s Syndrome?

Extra X chromosome in males (XXY).