Contemporary

Globalization (1)

• process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

• complex and multifaceted phenomenon

Globalization (2)

is considered by some as a form of capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national economies into a global, unregulated market economy

European Age of Discovery and voyages to the New World

Though many scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history to long before the

20th century

The term globalization first appeared in the

1990s

globalization came into popular use in the

1820s

Large-scale globalization began in the

late 19th century and early 20th century

in __ drove a rapid expansion in the connectivity of the world's economies and cultures

1. Political globalization

2. Cultural globalization

3. Economic globalization

4. Financial globalization

5. Sociological Globalization

6. Technological Globalization

7. Geographic Globalization

8. Ecological Globalization

Types of globalization

Political Globalization (1)

refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and complexity.

Political Globalization (2)

That system includes national governments, their governmental and intergovernmental organizations as well as government-independent elements of global civil society such as international non-governmental organizations and social movement organizations.

William R. Thompson

He has defined it as "the expansion of a global political system, and its institutions, in which inter-regional transactions (including, but certainly not limited to trade) are managed.”

Political Globalization (3)

William R. Thompson has defined it as "the expansion of a global political system, and its institutions, in which inter-regional transactions (including, but certainly not limited to trade) are managed.”

1. political globalization

2. economic globalization

3. culture globalization

three main dimensions of globalization commonly found in academic literature

Cultural Globalization

• refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations.

• This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have been diffused by the Internet, popular culture media, and international travel

Cultural Globalization (2)

• involves the formation of shared norms and knowledge with which people associate their individual and collective cultural identities.

• It brings increasing interconnectedness among different populations and cultures

Economic Globalization

increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross-border movement of goods, services, technology, and capital; the process of increasing economic integration between countries, leading to the emergence of a global marketplace or a single world market.

Financial Globalization

• can be linked with the rise of a global financial system with international financial exchanges and monetary exchanges.

• Stock markets, for instance, are a great example of the financially connected global world since when one stock market has a decline, it affects other markets negatively as well as the economy as a whole.

Sociological Globalization

information moves almost in real-time, together with the interconnection and interdependence of events and their consequences. People move all the time too, mixing and integrating different societies;

Technological Globalization

the phenomenon by which millions of people are interconnected thanks to the power of the digital world via platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Skype or Youtube

Geographic Globalization

is the new organization and hierarchy of different regions of the world that is constantly changing. Moreover, with transportation and flying made so easy and affordable, apart from a few countries with demanding visas, it is possible to travel the world without barely any restrictions;

Ecological globalization

accounts for the idea of considering planet Earth as a single global entity – a common good all societies should protect since the weather affects everyone and we are all protected by the same atmosphere. To this regard, it is often said that the poorest countries that have been polluting the least will suffer the most from climate change.

• improved standard of living;

• competition results to low prices and good product quality;

• developing countries reap benefits without going through the growing pains;

• governments cooperate to achieve common goals;

• greater access to foreign culture creating more choices.

Positive Aspects of Globalization

• outsourcing take away jobs;

• some cultural beliefs fade or disappear;

• diseases spread;

• lack of regulation lead to environmental degradation;

• poor countries adopt policies not applicable to them.

Negative Aspects of Globalization

State

community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government to which the great majority of people render obedience and enjoys freedom or sovereignty from external control.

1. people

2. territory

3. sovereignty

4. government

Elements of State

People

population; Plato, not too small nor great but has no unity

Territory

the definite portion of the earth over which the state’s jurisdiction extends. Terrestrial, aerial, fluvial, maritime

Sovereignty

is the supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which an independent state is governed.; Internal, rule w/in its territory; External, not controlled by others

government

– the agency through which the will of the state is enforced

1. Divine Right Theory

2. Force or Necessity Theory

3. Paternalistic Theory

4. Social Contract Theory

Theories on the Origin of States

Divine Right Theory

state is of divine creation and the rulers were ordained by God to rule. Dictators throughout history used this theory to justify their tyrannical rule.

Force or Necessity Theory

state was created when some strong warrior imposed his will on the other members of the community. He protects them; they support him.

Paternalistic Theory

- state was formed through the enlargement of the family

Social Contract Theory

• The state was created when people entered into a voluntary agreement to live together (the social phase) and to establish a government (the political phase).

• The __ calls for the people to support the state and for the state to protect the people.

Social Contract Theory (2)

• If the government becomes corrupt and decadent, then the people could rise up and overthrow that government and replace it with a better one.

• The __ encourages a revolution if it would result to the betterment of the state.

1. A state is a political concept; While a nation is an ethnic concept.

2. A State can’t exist without people; A nation can exist stateless.

3. A nation could be living in many states; A State can be composed of many nations.

4. A state cannot be subjected to external control while a nation may or may not be subject to external control.

STATE DISTINGUISHED FROM NATION

1. Usually regarded as identical, thus the acts of government are regarded as acts of the state;

2. A state cannot exist without a government, but it’s possible for a government to exist without a state of its own;

3. A government may change, its form may change, but the state, as long as its essential elements are present, remains the same.

State Distinguished from Government

1. Right of existence and self defense

2. Right of Independence

3. Right of Equality

4. Right of legation

5. The Right of Property and Domain

6. The Right to Acquire Territory and Increase of Domain

7. The Right of Jurisdiction

Rights of State

Right of existence and self defense

the right of a state to use force against an aggressor state when and to the extent it appears to it and it reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend itself from such aggressor’s imminent or act of unlawful force.

Right of Independence

It is the right of a state to be free from dependence, dictation, subjection, control and intervention of another state or exterior power

Right of Equality

- based on the doctrine that states are equal as international persons regardless of differences in size, population, power, degree of civilization etc.

Right of legation

it is the right of a state to enter into diplomatic relations with other states by receiving and sending diplomatic representatives.

The Right of Property and Domain

Domain, in Anglo-American law, the absolute and complete ownership of land, or the land itself which is so owned. Domain is the fullest and most superior right of property in land.

The Right of Jurisdiction

refers to the power of a state to affect persons, property, and circumstances within its territory.

1. Discovery

2. Occupation

3. Prescription

4. Cession

5. Conquest

6. Accretion

7. Reclamation

Modes of Acquiring Territory

Discovery

• oldest method of acquiring title to territory;

• not sufficient to establish legal title;

• discovered area must be physically occupied.

• If a state has made a settlement, it has a right to assume sovereignty over all adjacent vacant territory, which is necessary to the integrity and security of the settlement.

Occupation

is the intentional acquisition by a state over a territory which at the time of claim not under the sovereignty of any state.

• the territory subject of claim must not be under the sovereignty of any state (terra nullius);

• the state must have effectively occupied the territory, that is, the state claiming the territory must have exercised immediate occupation (corpus occupandi) on the territory after it displayed its intention to occupy (animus occupandi).

Two requirements of Occupation:

immediate occupation

corpus occupandi

intention to occupy

animus occupandi

Prescription

means continued occupation over a long period of time by one state of territory actually and originally belonging to another state.

• the possession must be exercised in the form of actual exercise of sovereign authority;

• the possession must be for a long period of time;

• the possession must be public;

• the possession must be peaceful and uninterrupted.

Four requirements of prescription

peaceful and continuous display

is also an essential element although as compared to occupation

Cession

is the transfer of territory usually by treaty from one state to another

Concomitant of transfer of territory

is the transfer of sovereignty from the owner state to another state.

bilateral transaction

cession is a

Conquest

- acquiring territory by the use of force

Accretion

- the attainment of sovereignty over new land due to slow movement of natural forces

avulsion

On the other hand, if the natural forces happened suddenly, like creation of an island in territorial waters due to volcanic eruption, it is referred as

reclamation

process of creating new land from oceans, riverbeds, or lake beds.

• Area & location

• Climate and natural resources

• Size and quality of population

• Events in history

• Institutions and policies

• alliances and other factors such as international prestige, military strength, etc

FACTORS THAT AFFECT STATE POWER:

Ideologies

• consistent pattern of opinion on particular issues that stems from a core belief or set of beliefs

• plan to improve society

Ideologies (2)

coined by French philosopher Count Antoine Destutt de Tracy who used it to refer to a new science of ideas.

Count Antoine Destutt de Tracy

ideology/ies was coined by french philosopher

Economic/Fiscal Liberals

– people who favor giving the government a bigger role in the area of economic security

Economic/Fiscal Conservatives

– people who oppose giving the government a bigger role in the area of economic security

Social Conservatives

people who favor giving the government a bigger role in the area of social lives.

Social Liberals

people who oppose giving the government a bigger role in the area of social lives

Classical Liberalism

– began in 1776 with the publication of the book “The wealth of Nations” by Adam Smith

invisible hand

the desire for profit

The Wealth of Nations

central thesis of __ is that capital is best is best employed for the production of wealth under conditions of governmental non-interference, or laissez-faire, and trade.

Liberalism

• the market will regulate the economy, with the result that the efficient producers will prosper and the inefficient will die, so the public will get the best products for lower prices

• this ideology believes in the maxim “that government is best that governs less”

Thomas Jefferson

he believes that government is best that govern less

Modern Liberalism

• was a reaction to the defects of the laissez-faire system.

• It argued that since the free market was not completely self-regulating, and the competition was not perfect (for manufacturers tend to rig the market and monopolies arose) it proposes that the govt. should step into the marketplace to guarantee a level playing field for everyone.

laissez-faire system

• produced an underclass (poor) who suffered the most during economic depressions.

• Even class positions turned out to be inherited because children of better-off families got a good education and the right connections.

Thomas Hill Green

• an advocate of liberalism in the 1880’s argued that while liberalism tries to achieve a free society, economic developments take away that freedom.

• Contracts prove to be unfair if the bargaining power of the two parties is unequal.

Classic conservatism

proposes that the best practices and institutions in the history should be conserved and change should gradual

Edmund Burke

– argued that people are only partly rational, because they also have widely irrational passions therefore society needs traditions, institutions and standards of morality in order to contain the irrational passions of man.

Thomas Hobbes

• – Leviathan, argued that man’s natural state was war.

• Governments, particularly a monarchy, was necessary to restrain man’s bestial tendencies because life without government was a “state of nature” without written, enforceable rules, people would live like animals – foraging for food, stealing and killing when necessary.

• argued men must give up to government certain rights, to intrude on people’s rights and liberties to control society and provide the necessary safeguards for property

Modern Conservatism

ideology that continues its allegiance to Adam Smith’s original doctrine of minimal government

Milton Friedman (Nobel Laureate)

argued that Smith was right and free market is still the best environment

Conservatism

• emphasizes the marketplace as the means of distributing economic benefits.

• It also looks up to the government in upholding conservative values.

President Ronald Reagan and British PM Margaret Thatcher

advocates of conservatism

Socialism/Communism

defined as an ideology that rejects individualism, private ownership, and private profits in favor of a system based on economic collectivism, governmental, societal, or industrial group ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods and social responsibility

“Marxism”

Socialism/Communism sometimes labeled as __after its founder, Karl Marx

Karl Marx

founder of Socialism/Communism

Francois-Noel Babeuf

• advocated economic equality and common ownership of land

• the father of modern socialism

Louis Blanc

• was active in worker uprisings in 1848, advocated a more down-to-earth form of socialism, including the establishment of worker-controlled councils and workshops.

• Evolved the theories and methods espoused by most left-wing ideologies of the 20th century, from revolutionary communism to democratic socialism

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

___broke with the more benign utopian socialists, asserting that a radical transformation and society could only be attained by open class conflict.

Communist Manifesto

Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels broke with the more benign utopian socialists, asserting that a radical transformation and society could only be attained by open class conflict. Opened their __ (1848) with the bold assertion “All history is the history of class struggle”

dialectic materialism

change and progress are produced by a constant clash of conflicting economic forces

Marxist Theory

• main feature of modern industrial capitalism is the streamlining of society into two antagonistic classes – the capitalist who own the means of production, and the proletariat, who have no choice but to work long hours for subsistence wages.

• the difference between those wages and the value of the products created through the worker’s labor is surplus value, or excessive profits, which the capitalist pocket.

• human labor is replaced by more cost-effective machine labor, unemployment grows, purchasing power dwindles, and domestic market shrink

capitalist

who own the means of production

proletariat

who have no choice but to work long hours for subsistence wages

proletarian revolution

capitalists systematically exploit the workers and unwittingly lay the groundwork for a __

widening of the gap between the rich and the poor

the overthrow of capitalism comes as a result of the

Vladimir Lenin

• founder of the communist party of the Soviet Union and the foremost leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917;

• violent mass action is necessary to bring about radical change

Vladimir Lenin (2)

• argued that parliamentary democracy and “bourgeois legality” were mere superstructures designed to mask the underlying reality of capitalist exploitation. These revolutionaries disdained the kind of representative institutions prevalent in the United States and Western Europe

Social Democracy

• an ideology articulated in the book The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism by Eduard Bernstein.

• Marx has been wrong about the necessity for collapse of the system and revolution; no longer advocate nationalization of industries but use of welfare measures to improve living conditions

The Quest for Evolutionary Socialism

Social Democracy is an ideology articulated in the book