Apush Unit 1 Early Contact Among Groups In North America

Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of people, crops, and animals through the Americas, Europe, and Africa.

gold, silver, beans, potatoes, vanilla, pineapple, chocolate, tomatoes, and tobacco => Old World; wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, and diseases => New World

Three sister farming

rotating corn, beans, and squash to replenish nutrients in soil

Encomienda

first form of slavery. Spanish enslaved the natives

Terrace farming

transformed hills into huge steps use land and collect water. mostly by the incas

Suspension bridges

first developed by the Incas.

Anglicism

the Protestant Church of England created by Henry VIII

Silk route

the Silk Road in Asia. used for trading. but was mainley controlled by muslims so no bueno for the catholic spanish

The Black Legend

false legends accusing conquistadores of torturing and killing Indians for Christ, stole their gold, and purposely infected them with smallpox

Ecological imperialism

introduction of alien plants and animals into a new ecosystem without natural predators (the dandelion). INVASIVE SPECIES

Mestizos

people of mixed Native American and European descent

Columbus discovers America

1492- only date u need

Noche Triste

June 30th, 1520 - Aztecs attacked conquistadores because they were too greedy - Cortes attacked a year later and conquered golden city of Tenochtitlan

Battle of Acoma

between Spanish and Pueblo – Spanish cut off one foot of every survivor

Pope’s Rebellion

religious Indian rebellion against Roman Catholics;

Incas

huge empire based on civil engineering and social classes destroyed by conquistadores led by Pizarro

Mayans

highly advanced civilization with agriculture and accurate calendars. Namor from black panther 2

Aztecs

huge warlike empire based on human sacrifice destroyed by Cortes because the conquistadores wanted gold

Iroquois Confederacy

greatest band of many tribes who attempted to resist the white men and remain in their homelands. north east

Christopher Columbus

Italian who first discovered America; thought he was in India

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

ethnocentric renaissance man who believed barbarians to be savage and inferior. L mans

Bartolome de las Casas

monk who thought Native Americans were lesser beings because they were uneducated; proposed spreading Christianity. W mans

Vasco Nunez Balboa

first to discover Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan

died on journey but captain of the first ship to circumnavigate the globe. also discovered earth was a sphere

Juan Ponce de Leon

discovered FL

Francisco Coronado

found AZ, NM, KS; looking for famed golden cities but found pueblos , buffalo, and Grand Canyon

Hernando de Soto

found Mississippi River though seeking gold

Francisco Pizarro

destroyed Incas

Cortez

destroyed the Aztecs

Treaty of Tordesillas

between Spain and Portugal; gave most of the New World to Spain, gave Brazil and some holdings in Asia and Africa to Portugal

Bartholome DeLas Casas

The Destruction of the Indes – report on the atrocities Spain has committed against Natives in the New World

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

The Second Democrates – argument in favor of the Spanish ruling over the “inferior” native peoples

map of indegenius tribes’ regions in America

How columbian exchange works

Plateau

• Lived beside rivers

• Fishermen & farmers

• Low population

• Ex: Yakima, Nez Perce

• Lower complexity because harder to satisfy food needs

Great Basin

• Desert & mountain dwellers

• Gatherers, not farmers

• Low population

• Ex: Shoshone, Paiute, Ute

Southwest

• Farmers or nomadic hunters

• Canyon, mountain, & desert dwellers

• Pueblo / Adobe housing

Great Plains

• Grassland dwellers

• Nomadic buffalo hunters after introduction of horse

• Ex: Crow, Sioux, Pawnee

Eastern Woodlands

• Coastal, river & forest dwellers

• Fisherman, hunters & farmers

• Ex: Iroquois, Ottawa, Miami

South East

• River valley dwellers

• Farmers & fisherman

• Hunter-gatherer

• Ex: Cherokee, Creek, Yamasee

Horses

• Apache, Navajo, Pueblo got it first

• Allowed natives to travel great distance

• United tribes more, since travel was easier

• Before horse, life was very hard

• How will they get food for the day

• Now can get food for a month in a day

• More leisure time

• Maslow's hierarchy of needs

• Spike in intertribal warfare

• Became a symbol of culture

mestizo

A person of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry, often associated with cultural blending.

mulatto

black and europeans mix. low on the casta system

Casta system

ranked: spanish ppl, spanish ppl born in the ameicas, mullatto and mestizo, africans and natives