Exam 3 Study Guide Questions

What are the three potential states we are in following a meal?

• Fed State

• Postabsorptive State

• Fasting State

Fed State

• occurs 0 - 4 hours after a meal was consumed

• insulin levels are high, promoting energy storage

• blood glucose levels are elevated

• glucose is used as the primary energy source

Postabsorptive State

• occurs 4 - 24 hours after a meal was consumed

• insulin levels decrease and glucagon levels increase

• blood glucose levels are low

• liver glycogen and FAs are broken down for energy

What are some of the benefits of moderate caloric restriction that occurs in the postabsorptive state?

• reduce LDL levels

• improve insulin sensitivity / diabetes

• improve muscle quality

• improve blood pressure

Fasting State

• occurs 24 hours or more after a meal

• glucagon levels are high, insulin levels are low

• liver glycogen stores are depleted

• Gluconeogenesis supplies the body with glucose for energy

• FAs are mobilized

What are the four stages of ATP production?

1. macromolecules are broken down into monomers

2. monomers are converted into intermediate products

3. they enter the Citric Acid Cycle

4. and then the electron transport chain

Liver converts ammonia to _____ because of its toxicity.

urea

Coenzyme

an organic substance typically derived from vitamins that are not a part of an enzyme’s structure

What is gout caused by?

an accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to inflammation and pain

Gluconeogenesis

the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

What are the physical signs of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

• small head and eye openings

• smooth philtrum

• a thin upper lip

• a short nose

Substrate

a molecule that enters a chemical reaction

Where do substrates bind on an enzyme?

the active site

What is an end product?

the resulting substance from a chemical reaction

When excess glucose and AAs are present in the liver and ATP does not need to be synthesized, what are these nutrients converted to?

fatty acids

Hydrolases

enzymes that break bonds between molecules by adding water

What hormone stimulates glycogen breakdown?

glucagon

Hypertrophic growth

when adipocytes increase in size

Hyperplastic growth

when adipocytes increase in number

Gastric Bypass surgery

reducing the size of the stomach and bypassing parts of the small intestine to limit food intake and nutrient absorption

Obesogens

chemicals in the environment that disrupt hormones, promote weight gain, and metabolic problems

Obesogenic environment

a setting that promotes unhealthy food choices and physical inactivity (ex: neighborhoods with a lot of fast food options and liquor stores, and little public transportation)

The thermic effect of food accounts for ___ percent of our total energy usage.

10%

GLP-1 medications trigger ____ release from your pancreas and blocks ___ secretion.

insulin; glucagon

Hunger

the physiological drive to consume food

Appetite

one’s desire or preference to eat a particular food (ex: ice cream)

What percentage of weight does one lose post gastric-bypass surgery?

60-80% of their excess body weight within 1-2 years

Ghrelin

a GI hormone that stimulates hunger

What are the three primary ways we use energy?

• basal metabolism

• physical activity

• thermic effect of food (TEF)