Hitsory STAAR Review 2023

Review for the 8th grade History STAAR, for 2022-2023.

James Madison

4th president of US
Main author of the US Constitution during the War of 1812

John Adams

2nd president of US
Helpes negotiate Treaty of Paris, ending the American Revolution

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
Warm climate, rich soil, long growing season
Farming and agriculture

Middle Colonies

NewYork, Pennsylvania,New Jersey, Delaware
Fertile soil, milder climate than New England
Diverse, tolerant

Northern (New England) Colonies

Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine
Cold climate and rocky soil
Shipbuilding, trade,and fishing

1861-1865

Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation
Abraham Lincoln

1803

Louisiana Purchase
Thomas Jefferson
Lewis and Clark

1787

Constitutional Convention
James Madison
George Washington

1776

Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
John Hancock

1607

Jamestown,Virginia
House of Burgesses (1619)
John Smith

Connecticut

Founded in 1636 by Thomas Hooker after leaving Massachusetts

Pennsylvania

Founded in 1680 by William Penn
Promoted tolerance and equality

Georgia

Founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe as a debtor's colony

Mayflower Compact

Agreement among male pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in which they pledged loyalty to England and promised to obey the laws of the colony

formed a "civil body politic" for "our better ordering and preservations"

House of Burgesses

Created in Virginia in1619
First representative government in the colonies

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in America
Adopted in 1639

French and Indian War outcome~ 1754-1763

George Washington gains national prominence
England gains control of more territory
War plunges England into debt
Proclamation of 1763 states that colonists CANNOT settle west of the Appalachian Mountains

George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution
Elected 1st President of the US in 1789

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Declaration of Independence
Elected 3rd President of US in 1800

Benjamin Franklin

Publisher and inventor
Respected statesman who guided the colonies toward independence
Helped convince France to support America during the Revolutionary War

Patrick Henry

Patriot
Delivered "Give me liberty, or give me death" speech in the Virginia Houseof Burgesses in March, 1775

Thomas Paine

Author of "Common Sense" which was instrumental in convincing colonists to support the revolution against Britain

Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson
Lists colonial grievances against King George
Justifies the colonies breaking away from England

Causes of the American Revolution

Britsih taxed colonies heavily for revenue to pay for the French and Indin War
"No taxation without representation"-colonists resented being taxed without having a representative in Parliament
Tax Acts including: Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Tea Act angered colonists
Boston Massacre
Intolerable Acts(Coercive Acts)

The Battles of Saratoga

Turning point of Revolution
French enter war as American allies

Battle of Yorktown

Major British defeat that effectively ends the war

Treaty of Paris of 1783

Ends the war!
Britain forced to recognize American independence

Magna Carta

1215
Limited the power of the king
Provided trial by jury

English Bill of Rights

1689
Influenced the Constitution by forbidding cruel and unusual punishment
Granted the right to bear arms
Laws must be passed by the legislative branch
Taxes must be approved by the legislative branch

The Articles of Confederation

1781
The first form of government established by the 13 colonies
Articles were replaced by the US Constitution because the Articles had a weak central government

Northwest Ordinance

1787
Established an ordely expansion to western territory
1st attempt by the US to stop spread of slavery
New states given the same rights and privelages as previous states

Anti-Federalists

Opposed ratification of the Constitution
Supported a Bill of Rights
Ex: Patrick Henry and George Mason

Jamestown, Virginia

Founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company
Colony was saved by tobacco

Representative Government

System of government where citizens are represented by elected leaders

Lexington and Concord

First battle of revolution
"Shot heard 'round the world"

Alexander Hamilton

Author of Federalist Papers
1st secretary of the treasury under Washington

Ratification

to formally approve
Fact: to go into effect, 9 of 13 states had to ratify the Constitution

Great Compromise

Represntation: All states get 2 votes in the Senate
Number of votes in the house determined by state population

Executive Branch

Enforces laws

Judicial Branch

Interprets laws

Republicanism

A system where the people vote for elected representatives to run the government

Bill of Rights

1st 10 amendments of the Constitution
Protect individual rights and liberties
Necessary in order for some states to ratify the Constitution

Checks and Balaces

Makes sure no branch of government becomes too powerful

Limited Government

Power of the government is restricted by the Constitution-"No one is above the law"

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned against political parties and forming alliances with foreign countries

Monroe Doctrine

Closed Americas to further European colonization
In exchange, US promised to stay out of European affairs

War of 1812

British attack Washington, D.C.
British retreat from Fort McHenry in Baltimore, MD
Francis Scott Key writes The Star Spangled Banner
Andrew Jackson wins the battle of New Orleans

Jacksonian Democracy

Idea of spreading political power to all the people, thereby ensuring majority rule

Trail of Tears

Forced removal of Cherokee Indians from their homes to resettle in the west

Jackson's war on the bank

Jackson removes federal funds from nationl bank, forcing it into bankruptcy

Louisiana Purchase

1803
Purchased by President Jefferson from France
Doubled the size of the US

Texas

1845
Joined US as 28th state

Mexican Cession

1848
California and New Mexico sold to the US for $15 Million after the Mexican-American War

Utah Territory

1850
Established as a territory
Brigham Young becomes Governor

Railroads

Encouraged settlement in the west
Created thousands of new jobs

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819
States cannot tax a federal bank

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824
Congress has authority to regulate interstate and intrastate trade

Samuel Adams

Cousin to John Adams
Patriot
Leader of the Boston Sons of Liberty

Charles de Montsquieu

Separation of powers

1620

Pilgrims
Plymouth
Mayflower Compact
Willam Bradford

Mercantilism

An economic system that promoted thr growth of a country's economy through a favorable balance of trade
Goal was to build wealth by exploiting the natural reaources of colonial territories

King George 3

Ruler of Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War

Patriots

Americans who supported declaring independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution

Federalists

Supported ratification of Constitution and the creation of a strong central government
Ex: James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay

Federalist Papers

1787-1788
Essays written to encouage ratification of the Constitution
Authors included Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

The Preamble

Intro to the Constitution that states its purpose

Three-Fifths Compromise

Slavery: Each slave counts as 3/5 of a person for taxtation and representation in the house

Separation of Powers

Divides the powers of the federal government into 3 branches
Legislative
Executive
Judicial

Legislative Branch

Makes laws

Federalism

Power is shared between states and national government

Individual Rights

Basic rights and liberties of all citiens as guaranteed in the Bill of Rights

Popular Sovereignty

People hold supreme power

Marbury v. Madison

1803
Established Judicial Review giving Supreme Court authority to decideif laws are constitutional or not

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the US was destined to stretch across the continent

Oregon Territory

1859
33rd state

Gadsden Purchase

1853
Purchased from Mexico for $10 Million

Plymouth, Massachusetts

Founded in 1620 by Pilgrims for religious freedom and tolerance

Tariff

tax on imports

Loyalists

Americans who supported Great Britain during the American Revolution

Winter at Valley Forge

Washington struggled to keep the Continental Army together

William Blackwell

Laws of nature

John Locke

Natural rights

Ratify

To approve

(important fact) 1787

delegates from 13 stats drafted the US Constitution in Philadelphia, PA

Unalienable Rights

Rights that cannot be taken away without due process
Such as: life, liberty, and th pursuit of happiness

Migration

Movement of people from one location to another

Immigration

Movement of people into a country frim another country

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of crops, animals, disease, and ideas of different cultures after Europeans landed in the Americas

Subsistence Agriculture

Farmer produces just enough to support himself and his family wih little left for purchasing manufactured goods

Free Enterprise System

System by whcih people can conduct business free from government control except for reasonable regulations made for the general good

Dawes Act (1887)

Broke up Native American reservations

Homestead Act (1862)

Gave free land to settlers who would live on the land for 5 years
Encouraged thousands to the Great Plains

Morrill Act (1862)

Funded public colleges focused on agriculture and mechanical arts

14th Amendment

Made former slaves citizensand gave equal protection under th law for all citizens

15th Amendment

African American males are given the right to vote

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the US

Hiram Rhodes Revels

1st Africsn American elected to the Senate

Radical Reconstruction Congress

Wanted Congress, not the President to control a tougher, more extreme approach

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

Period after Civil War in US when southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union