bh - the mind

Neuron

dendrites (receive)

Dopamine

reward

Serotonin

mood

Norepinephrine

alertness

GABA

inhibitory

Glutamate

excitatory

Endorphins

natural pain relief

Prefrontal cortex

decision-making

Amygdala

fear

Hippocampus

long-term memory

Hypothalamus

homeostasis

Brainstem

heart rate

Cerebellum

balance

Thalamus

sensory relay

Basal ganglia

voluntary movement

Nucleus accumbens

reward/pleasure

Corpus callosum

hemisphere connection

Cingulate cortex

decision-making

CNS

brain + spinal cord

PNS

somatic (voluntary)

Sympathetic

fight-or-flight

Parasympathetic

rest-digest

Sensation

detection of physical stimuli by sensory organs

Absolute threshold

minimal detectable stimulus 50% of time

Difference threshold (JND)

smallest detectable change

Perception

brain interprets sensory info

Bottom-up processing

sensory input first

Top-down processing

expectations influence perception

Consciousness

awareness of self/environment

REM sleep

dreaming

Non-REM sleep

restoration

Circadian rhythm

biological clock regulating sleep-wake

Substances/drugs

alter consciousness

Dissociation

disruption in memory

Motivation

initiates

Biological drives

hunger

Incentives

external rewards/punishments

Intrinsic motivation

internal satisfaction

Extrinsic motivation

external reward

Depression effect on motivation

lowers motivation

Addiction effect on motivation

hijacks motivation pathways

Emotion

subjective experience + physiological response + behavior

Amygdala function

fear

Emotion regulation

impaired in mood

Learning

change in behavior from experience

Classical conditioning

association

Operant conditioning

consequences

Reinforcement

increase behavior

Punishment

decrease behavior

Behavioral therapy

applies learning principles

Memory stages

encoding → storage → retrieval

Short-term memory

limited

Long-term memory

durable

Trauma/substance use effect on memory

can impair memory