chemistry Unit 1 Test

chemistry

the study of matter/substances, it can be elements, compounds and mixtures.

we study substances…

composition and structure and how they interact

elements

a substance that can not be broken down by chemical means

pure substance

all the same material, contains all the same kinds of atoms.

atom

building block of all matter. Democritus came up with this idea.

atoms are composed of…

subatomic particles (S.A.P.)

structure

how particles are arranged

structure denotes…

function

why would one substance react different than another?

one substance has a different structure than the other

AMU

atomic mass units

properties of SAPs

protons neutrons electrons

Protons- MASS, CHARGE, LOCATION.

have a mass of 1.0AMU, positively charged (+), found in nucleus of atom

Neutrons-MASS, CHARGE, LOCATION.

have a mass of 1.0AMU, no charge, found in nucleus of atom

electrons- MASS, CHARGE, LOCATION.

have mass of 1/1840 of a proton (extremely small), negatively charged (-), found outside nucleus

Atoms are neutral, what does this mean?

no charge, & same number of protons and electrons

atomic number

number of protons, identifies the element

Atomic mass

measured in AMU, the weight average of atoms isotopes

mass number

number of protons and neutrons, whole numbers

when we don’t know number of protons and neutrons….

round atomic mass to nearest whole number

Ions

a charged atom

how can an ion be charged?

gaining or losing electrons

name of the substance

tells us about the substance

metals

will tend to lose electrons becoming positive, Cations.

nonmetals

tend to gain electrons becoming negatively charged, anions.

what changes in anions

the ending changes to ide.

difference between oxygen and oxide

oxide has a negative charge (it’s an anion)

carbon-12 carbon-13 carbon-14

what do the numbers represent?

mass number

isotope

same element but different number of neutrons, number of proteins are the same.

Radiator or radioactive

spontaneous release of energy due to a ration of protons:neutrons

atomic mass formula

(mass number X %) + (mass number X %)

how do you tell the number of decimals to use when finding the atomic mass?

number of decimals in a problem is number of decimals in the mass not percentage.

compound (Velcro couple)

2 or more atoms chemically combined in bond

what indicates a compound?

a chemical formula that will show kinds of elements and how many

compounds have different properties….

than its individual makeup

what do we really focus on when referring to the substance of the atom?

how the particles are arranged. Mostly the arrangement of the electrons.

mixtures

a blend of 2 or more pure substances NOT chemically combined (they retain their own properties).

heterogenous

different concentrations of particles; not evenly distributed throughout, will settle over time.

homogeneous

some concentrations of particles are evenly spread throughout. any sample of the solution will have the identical concentration of substances. called a solution.s

solution

a substance dissolved in water

aq = aqueous

dissolved in water

why is using a homogeneous concentration important in a lab?

we want labs to be repeatable and consistent, using different concentrations will not create the same results for each trial.

what does it mean if something ends in Ol? (ethanol, methanol, etc.)

it’s an alcohol.

carbon has how many bonds?

4

how many types of hydrocarbons?

4

what is the most simplest form of hydrocarbons and which one do we use?

alkanes

alkanes (describe)

consists of a straight chain, carbon back bone, with hydrogen attatched…remember that carbon atoms have to have 4 bonds.

composition and structure of alkanes hydrocarbons

c’s are always bonded together

molecular formula

CnH(2n+2)

naming alkanes

use prefixes in front of ane. the prefix represents the number of carbon atoms in the formula

what is a hydrocarbon with OH

an alcohol

how do you identify an alcohol?

hydrocarbon w/OH, & the name ends in OL

Copper used in electric wires comes in two types (isotopes): ⁶³Cu and ⁶⁵Cu. ⁶³Cu has a mass of 62.9298 amu and an abundance of 69.09%. The other isotope, ⁶⁵Cu, has an abundance of 30.91%. The atomic mass between these isotopes is 63.5460 amu. Calculate the actual mass of ⁶⁵Cu.

63.5460 amu = (62.9298 amu X .6909) + (⁶⁵Cu X .3091)

63.5460 amu= 43.47819882 + (⁶⁵Cu X .3091)

20.06780118 = ⁶⁵Cu X .3091

64.9233269 = ⁶⁵Cu

64.9233 amu = ⁶⁵Cu