CLS 308: Ch. 7 The Cardiovascular System

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33 Terms

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  • Tunica intima

  • Tunica media (smooth muscle, larger in arteries)

  • Tunica adventitia (fibroblasts and connective tissue)

The layers of the blood vessels (3)

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Cardiovascular disease (50%)

Most of the deaths in the U.S. are due to…

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  • Viruses

  • Alcohol

  • Chromosomal abnormalities

Most common causes of congenital heart diseases (3)

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  • Ventricular septal defect

  • Atrial septal defect

  • Tetralogy of fallot

Most common congenital heart diseases (3)

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Cyanosis

(Ventricular septal defect) Hole in the septum between the ventricles cause deoxygenated and oxygenated blood to mix, eventually leading to…

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Foramen oval

Atrial septal defects typically occur when the (——) remains open after fetal development

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Stenosis of heart valves

Involved in tetralogy of fallot where the heart valves narrow and blood cannot flow normally

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  • Coronary heart disease (→ myocardial infarction)

  • Cerebrovascular disease (→ stroke)

  • Atherosclerosis of aorta (→ aortic aneurism)

  • Peripheral vascular disease (→ gangrene)

Examples of localized atherosclerosis and possible outcomes (4)

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  • Stress test

  • Stent or bypass

What test is used to find the competency of coronary arteries; how is coronary heart disease treated

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Left coronary artery (muscular side of heart)

What is known as the widowmaker artery?

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  1. Lifestyle change (diet,, physical activity)

  2. Statins (reduces cholesterol and triglycerides from liver)

Prevention of atherosclerosis of aorta (2)

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Foam cells

Type of macrophage that localize to fatty deposits on blood vessel walls

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  • PLT activation is procoagulant

  • Site of injury is very soft

Characteristics of atherosclerosis that leads to clot formation and aneurisms

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  • Lipid metabolism (age)

  • Hypertension

  • Clotting factors

  • Cigarette smoking

  • Behavior

Changeable risk factors for atherosclerosis (5)

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Estrogen and exercise

Protective factors for atherosclerosis

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High blood glucose causes cell damage to blood vessels, allowing for fat deposits

How does diabetes mellitus lead to atherosclerosis

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  • Saccular aneurism (bulge)

  • Fusiform aneurism (bilateral - abdominal aorta)

  • Dissecting aneurism

Different structures of aneurisms (3)

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  • Atherosclerosis of renal arteries

  • Atherosclerosis of intestinal arteries

  • Atherosclerosis of extremities (diabetes mellitus - gangrene)

Different types of peripheral vascular disease (3)

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Congestion in the renal artery → false hypotension in the kidney → release of renin (glomerulus), aldosterone (adrenal gland water retention). and vasoconstriction → hypertension → dissection

How does atherosclerosis of renal artery dissect

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(10-25, 50-70, 100% occlusion)

  • Asymptomatic

  • Angina pectoris (treat w/ nitroglyceride - artery dilation)

  • Congestive heart disease (failure to pump blood)

  • Myocardial infarction (heart attack)

Clinical presentations of coronary heart disease (4)

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Hematopericardium

Presence of blood in the sac surrounding the heart due to heart rupture

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  • Ischemia - reduced bloodflow

  • Infarction - complete cutoff of blood

Ischemia vs. infarction

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  • Myoglobin (first)

  • Troponin T or I (specific)

  • Creatine-kinase enzymes (CK-MB)

  • Alanine transaminase (ALT)

  • Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)

Components of cardiac profile indicative of myocardial infarction

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  • Troponin T (ventricular infarction)

  • Troponin I (atrial fibrilation)

Protein that is specific to myocardial infarction, involved in the activation of muscles (follows after myoglobin)

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  • Cardiac hypertrophy

  • Congestive heart disease

  • Renal insufficiency

  • Hypertensive encephalopathy (severe headaches)

  • hypertensive retinopathy (one of first places hypertension)

Pathogenesis of hypertension (5)

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Streptococcus pharyngitis (Strep throat)

Bacteria that causes rheumatic heart disease

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  • Myocarditis (rigid walls)

  • Prevent relaxation in diastole

  • Calcification of valves (chordae tendon doesn’t work)

Strep bacteria presence in the heart valves leads to… (3)

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  • Endocarditis (inner lining of heart chamber and valves)

  • Myocarditis (heart muscle)

  • Pericarditis (outer lining of heart)

Infectious diseases of the heart (3)

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  • Viruses (most common)

  • Bacteria (immunocompromised or septic)

  • Parasites and protozoa (Trypanosoma cruzi - Chagas disease)

Causes of infectious myocarditis (3)

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  • Viruses (most common)

  • Bacteria

  • Fungi (rare)

  • Rheumatic heart disease

  • Uremia (blood urea - kidney failure)

  • Open heart surgery (foreign agents and inflammation)

Causes of pericarditis (6)

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  • Atherosclerosis

    Arteritis

    • Polyarteritis nodosa (hypersensitiity III)

    • Giant cell arteritis (granuloma in temporal artery)

    • Reynaud’s disease

Arterial diseases (4)

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  • Genetic

  • Arteries in extremities contract

  • Exacerbated by cold temperature and cigarette smoking

Characteristics of Raynaud’s disease (3)

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  • Vericose veins

  • Thrombi

  • Thrombophlebitis (infection in leaky valves → inflammation)

Diseases of veins (3)