3 State control and popular resistance

What was the Marcher Council?

A governing body created to control the Marches, a militarized zone on the English border with Wales and Scotland.

Why did the Tudors seek to undermine the nobility in the Marches?

To create systems allowing more direct control of these regions and reduce the nobility's military and legal power.

What significant change occurred in the governance of Wales in the 1530s?

The Act of Union transformed Welsh government by abolishing Marcher Lordships and replacing them with English-style counties.

Who was appointed as Lord President of the Council of Wales in 1534?

Rowland Lee

What was the purpose of the Council of the North?

To control the northern regions of England, manage local order, and oversee border raids.

What challenges did the Tudors face in controlling the North?

Geographical remoteness, poor communications, and the threat of Scottish invasion.

Who were the key families that acted as wardens in the North?

The Dacres, the Cliffords, the Percy Earls of Northumberland, and the Neville Earls of Westmorland.

What was the outcome of the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536?

It led to the remodeling of the Council of the North to strengthen its powers.

What powers were granted to the Council of the North after its remodeling in 1537?

The power to decide cases of treason, murder, and felony, and to oversee local governance.

Who was appointed president of the Council of the North in 1572?

Henry Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon.

How did the role of the nobility change during Henry VIII's reign?

Nobility became more dependent on the Crown for power and were often appointed to local offices.

What was the relationship between the nobility and the monarchy during the Tudor period?

Nobility acted as a vital link between the center of government and localities, providing local information and suppressing rebellions.

What was the significance of the Council of the Marches?

It allowed for more effective governance of Wales and the Marches by standardizing laws and practices.

What legal system was established in Wales after the Act of Union?

An English legal system was established, replacing the previous Marcher lords' control.

What was the role of the president of the Council of the North?

To oversee the council and ensure effective governance, often being a southern noble with no local vested interests.

How did the Tudors utilize the nobility to maintain control?

By appointing them to local offices and councils, ensuring their loyalty and influence in local governance.

What was the impact of the Tudor reforms on the Marcher Council?

The reforms made the Marcher Council more formal and effective in extending Tudor rule and reducing lawlessness.

What was the role of the nobility in suppressing rebellions during the Tudor period?

They acted as the first line of defense against rebellions and were often involved in negotiating with rebels.

What was a major consequence of the Council of the North's restructuring under Elizabeth?

It led to increased stability in the North and diminished power of traditional noble families.

What was the significance of the Council of the North's ability to hear court cases?

It allowed for local governance and legal oversight similar to the English Star Chamber.

What was the relationship between the Council of the North and the local gentry?

Local gentry served on the council, providing knowledge of the region and aiding in governance.

What was the role of the Tudors in the legal system of Wales before the 1530s?

The Crown controlled the Principality of Wales, but it had its own legal system dependent on Marcher lords.

How did the Council of the North respond to the Northern Revolt of 1569?

It played a leading role in suppressing the rebellion and enforcing the government's religious policies.

What was the effect of the Tudor reforms on the nobility's power?

The reforms sought to make the nobility more dependent on the Crown, while still relying on their local influence.

What was the impact of the Marcher Council's reforms in the 1540s?

It became a more formal body with specific powers granted by Parliament, enhancing Tudor control.

Who was the Catholic Earl of Derby and what was his role?

He helped investigate Protestants during Mary I's reign.

What was the role of the Puritan Earl of Huntingdon?

He helped enforce Protestantism in the north during Elizabeth I's reign.

How did Elizabeth I's inner circle influence local government?

Members of her Council and household dominated local governance, with Elizabeth granting them office and land.

What was the role of William Cecil during Elizabeth I's reign?

He was the treasurer and a Justice of the Peace (JP) in Lincolnshire and Northampton.

What areas did Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, control?

He controlled Cheshire, Wales, and the marshes and served as a JP.

What was the significance of the role of Lord Lieutenant?

It extended the power of court noblemen, who owed their position to the Queen.

What were the causes of local disorder during the Tudor period?

Local disorder was often rooted in nobility and court-based plots, as seen in Wyatt's Revolt and the Northern Revolt.

What was the Council of the North and why was it established?

It was set up to address local disorder in regions where royal authority was weaker and traditional noble power was stronger.

How did the role of Justices of the Peace (JPs) evolve under the Tudors?

JPs gained increasing power and responsibility, overseeing local justice and administration.

What were the primary responsibilities of JPs by the end of Elizabeth I's reign?

They dealt with new felonies, minor offences, and the administration of the Poor Laws.

What was the impact of population growth on poverty in Tudor England?

Population growth led to rising prices, falling wages, and increased poverty due to higher demand for food.

What were the effects of the dissolution of monasteries on poverty?

It exacerbated poverty by removing traditional sources of alms for the poor.

How did the average price of essential food change from the 1520s to the 1580s?

It increased from 1.2 times the purchasing power of agricultural laborers in the 1520s to 6 times in the 1580s.

What was the role of the Lords Lieutenant under Elizabeth I?

They oversaw the war effort in specific counties and were responsible for local defense and military organization.

What challenges did the system of Lords Lieutenant face in the 1590s?

The system came under strain due to the prolonged war with Spain.

What qualifications were needed to become a JP?

JPs typically needed to own land that brought in at least £20 per year.

What was the trend in the size of county benches during Elizabeth I's reign?

The average size of county benches grew from 25 under Wolsey to between 40 and 50 under Elizabeth.

What were the new responsibilities placed on JPs by Acts of Parliament?

They included dealing with riots, witchcraft, and the administration of the Poor Laws.

What was the significance of the Bond of Association drawn up in 1585?

It was created by noble members of Elizabeth's council to defend her from assassination.

How did the Tudors monitor the appointment of JPs?

They carefully monitored JP appointments to ensure loyalty and effectiveness in local governance.

What was the impact of the social and economic crisis of the early 1550s?

It led to increased responsibilities for JPs to oversee local houses and religious changes.

How did the role of JPs in Tudor law expand by the 1580s?

Their role expanded enormously, allowing them to control regions and enforce new laws.

What was the relationship between JPs and the central government?

JPs provided a link between local regions and the central government, ultimately answerable to the Monarch.

What was the effect of the influenza epidemic during Mary I's reign?

It contributed to a temporary decline in population growth.

What was the role of county benches in local governance?

County benches were responsible for local justice and were composed mainly of the local gentry.

What factors exacerbated poverty for those without land?

Population growth and inflation.

How did ambitious landlords contribute to poverty?

By enclosing common land, which the poorest relied on.

What was rack-renting?

Rapid increase in rent to force out tenants and increase profits.

What is forestalling?

Deliberately withholding supplies from the local market to push prices up.

What major change occurred to monastic lands in the 1530s?

They passed into the hands of lay landlords, often less scrupulous.

What monetary changes contributed to the growth of poverty?

Influx of gold and silver from the New World leading to inflation.

What was the impact of the government's debasement of coinage?

It led to more coins in circulation but each contained less precious metal.

How did inflation affect merchants' pricing?

Merchants charged more for goods as the value of coins decreased.

What misconception did politicians and economists have about the poor?

They believed the poor were too lazy to find work.

Why were vagrants and beggars punished?

It was assumed they were lazy and authorities wanted to control them.

What was the purpose of Tudor laws concerning vagrancy?

To make vagrants return to their own parishes for help.

What was the punishment for vagrants under the 1547 Vagrancy Act?

First offence: branded with 'V' and forced to work as a slave for two years.

What happened to repeat offenders under the Vagrancy Act?

Second offence: branded with 'S' and enslaved for life.

What was the final punishment for persistent vagrants?

Execution as a felon.

What did the 1552 Poor Law Act require?

Impotent poor to be registered for the first time.

What was the role of charities in poor relief before the Reformation?

They provided food and care for the poor through church contributions.

How did the Act of Uniformity impact parish funds for poor relief?

It boosted funds through fines for non-attendance at church services.

What did the 1563 Act for the Relief of the Poor mandate?

Payments to poor relief in the parish became almost compulsory.

What was the purpose of the Statute of Artificers 1563?

To address issues caused by vagrancy and ensure males sought work.

What was the significance of the 1572 Poor Law?

It recognized the lack of work available for the able-bodied poor.

What were houses of correction established for?

To provide a place for vagrants and beggars to be corrected.

What was the role of local authorities in poor relief during this period?

They administered poor relief through local church contributions.

What happened to charitable giving after the Reformation?

Donations went directly to poor relief in parishes.

What was the impact of the dissolution of monasteries on poor relief?

Many charitable contributions and support systems were lost.

What was the purpose of almshouses founded by wealthier individuals?

To care for the poor and provide shelter.

What change occurred in attitudes towards the able-bodied poor by 1588?

The government moved towards supporting the poor instead of just punishing them.

What was the primary purpose of donations to charity after the Reformation?

To provide poor relief in the parishes administered by local churches.

What percentage of 16th-century charity contributions came from merchants in large towns?

About 60%.

What types of support did charitable contributions provide in the 16th century?

Relief for the poor, funds for starting businesses, and education for poor children.

Who was Stephen Jenyns and what did he contribute to charity?

A wealthy merchant and Mayor of London who left money to set up a school for 12 poor boys in Wolverhampton.

What significant donation did William Lambe make?

He left almost all of his fortune of £5695 to charity, including £6 for 120 pails so 60 poor women could earn a living as water carriers.

How much did private charity rise from 1541-60 to 1601-20?

From £277,000 to £634,000.

What was the population of London in 1500 and how much did it grow by 1600?

It grew from 60,000 in 1500 to 200,000 by 1600.

What percentage of the population in London owned 80% of the total wealth?

5%.

What did London authorities introduce in 1547 to address poverty?

Compulsory poor rates.

Which monarch encouraged the provision for the poor following the Reformation?

Edward VI.

What was Bridewell Palace used for?

It became a house of correction for able-bodied poor.

What was Christ's Hospital established for?

To care for orphans.

What type of patients did Saint Bartholomew's Hospital serve?

The sick poor.

What was the purpose of Bethlehem Hospital?

It was used for the insane.

What was a common cause of popular revolt against Tudor monarchs?

Opposition to high taxation and attempts to introduce new tax methods.

What was the Amicable Grant of 1525?

A forced loan, not a Parliamentary tax, used to fund Henry VIII's foreign campaigns.

What was the reaction to the Amicable Grant in 1525?

Widespread nonpayment and passive resistance across various regions.

What significant protest occurred in Lavenham, Suffolk?

4000 people gathered to protest against the government's tax demands.

What was the outcome of the protests in Lavenham?

Wolsey abandoned the idea of the Amicable Grant, and the ringleaders were pardoned.

What was the Lincolnshire Rising of 1536 a reaction to?

Rapid radical changes imposed by Henry VIII and Cromwell, including the dissolution of monasteries.

What triggered the Lincolnshire Rising?

The arrival of government commissioners overseeing the dissolution of monasteries.

What happened when government commissioners attempted to continue their work in Louth?

They were forced to flee as 3000 people gathered in protest.

What were the demands of the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536?

Economic grievances over taxation.

What was the significance of the 1534 Subsidy Act?

It created a parliamentary precedent for taxation during peacetime.