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Biodiversity
The variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part.
Alpha diversity (α)
The total number of species in a given area or ecosystem.
Beta diversity (β)
The total number of unique species between ecosystems, characterizing community differentiation.
Gamma diversity (ϒ)
A measure of the overall diversity within a large region or geographic scale of species diversity.
Speciation
The process through which new distinct species arise, which can occur through various models such as allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation.
Invasive species
Non-native species that, when introduced to a new habitat, can disrupt and threaten local ecosystems.
Ecosystem services
The benefits provided by ecosystems to humans, which include provisions like food and water, regulating services like disease control, and cultural benefits.
Habitat fragmentation
The process by which large habitats are broken into smaller, isolated patches, often affecting biodiversity negatively.
Anthropogenic
Resulting from the influence of human beings on nature.
Natural disturbances
Events such as fires, floods, or storms that affect ecosystems and can vary in their impact on biodiversity.
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