This was the general name/blanket term for subordinate classes or subjects in the hierarchy detailed in #7.
Vassals
6
New cards
These were the laws & rights that granted peasants use of manorial land for sustenance, so long as labor, grain, goods, or \[rarely\] coins were paid as taxes for protection.
Common Land
7
New cards
Provide three major threats to European states from 700-1450 CE (one remained a threat even after 1450 CE).
Arab Caliphates, Mongol Hordes, Ottoman Empire
8
New cards
This was an oath of military and political loyalty to a king or lord in medieval Europe.
Fealty
9
New cards
This was the name of an attempted centralized empire comprised of mostly Germanic and Italian states in Central Europe from the 9th to 19th centuries.
Holy Roman Empire
10
New cards
Aside from Germans and Italians, this was the other ethnic group that comprised the larger states of Bohemia and Moravia in the east to the empire mentioned above.
Czech
11
New cards
These were the dominant unions, commissioned by city governments, which controlled urban industries and determined employment, price limits, production methods, service hours, etc.
Municipal Craft Guilds
12
New cards
This was the name for the major trade union started in 1368 that dominated Northern European port cities for several centuries.
Hanseatic League
13
New cards
Provide the two major Italian city-states that dominated Mediterranean Sea trade from the 11th-16th centuries.
Genoa, Venice
14
New cards
Christianity is primarily the following of the teachings and life of which historical figure?
Jesus of Nazareth
15
New cards
This is the establishment that emerged in the 5th century that largely determined Christian doctrine in Europe Western, Central, Northern, and parts of Southern Europe until the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.
Roman Catholic Church
16
New cards
This law made Christianity the official state religion of Rome in 380 CE.
Edict of Thessalonica
17
New cards
Provide the hierarchy of the Church, starting with the highest position.
This was the strategy used by Church missionaries to convert rulers instead of individual people.
Top-down Conversion Approach
19
New cards
This was the term used by Christians to describe polytheistic non-Christians in Europe.
Pagans
20
New cards
Provide four ethnic groups that remained largely or partly unconverted to Christianity at some point from the 5th-14th centuries.
Celts, Germanic, Balts, Slavs
21
New cards
This was the Churchâs name for opponents of orthodox Catholic beliefs.
Heretics
22
New cards
This was the institution formed in the 12th century to combat the rise of religious critics in Northern Italy & Switzerland and again on several other occasions throughout Europe in the following centuries.
Inquisition
23
New cards
This was the type of punishment generally used to humiliate, torture, and even execute the accused.
Public Punishments (Stocks, Brandings, etc)
24
New cards
These were the first primary separatist critics of the Catholic Church in the 12th & 13th centuries who believed, among other things, some practices of the Church were not theological but meant to extract profit from believers.
Waldensian
25
New cards
This was the founder of the separatist critics (Waldensian)
Peter Waldo
26
New cards
This was a journey in which Christians travel and pay to see, feel, touch, and/or purchase âsacredâ Catholic relics or sites.
Pilgrimages
27
New cards
These were the separatist critics from the Czech kingdoms who believed, among other things, some practices of the Church, such as opposition to clerical land holdings and wealth, were immoral.
Hussites
28
New cards
This was the founder of the separatist critics (Hussites)
Jan Hus
29
New cards
What is the name for a solar system centered around the earth?
Geocentric System
30
New cards
This was the mathematician who first provided a solar model in which the sun was at the center.
Nicolaus Copernicus
31
New cards
What is the name for a solar system centered around the sun?
Heliocentric system
32
New cards
This was the term for communities in the countryside that largely escaped the 14th century pandemic.
Rural Communities
33
New cards
This was the empire that continued the name and practices of the Roman Empire from 330 â 1453 CE.
Byzantine Empire
34
New cards
This was the capital of the Byzantine Empire until 1453.
Constantinople
35
New cards
These were the Muslim forces responsible for its capture in 1453, and remained the largest threat to Christian Europe until around the late-18th century.
Ottoman Turks
36
New cards
This was the event that split the Christian Church into Eastern and Western spheres in 1054 CE.
East-West Schism of 1054
37
New cards
This Church continued under the pope after 1054.
Western Roman Catholic Church
38
New cards
This Church began in 1054 and began missionary work in the Slavic territories.
Eastern Orthodox Church
39
New cards
This was the Christian crusade and conquest of the Iberian Peninsula that took place from roughly 1123-1492 CE.
Reconquista
40
New cards
This was the target location of the crusades that targeted the Holy Lands from 1096-1291 CE
Levant
41
New cards
This was the crusader order established in the Levant & continued in Eastern Europe until the 15th century.
Teutonic Knights
42
New cards
These were the Western cultural ideals preserved and recovered from North Africa and the Middle East during the crusades in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Greco-Roman
43
New cards
This new technology allowed written materials and books to be made & distributed much more quickly and easily in the 15th century.
Printing Press
44
New cards
Provide the names of the two primary Italian city-states enriched by trade communities and ties to the crusader states and other holdings in the Eastern Mediterranean from the 11th to 18th centuries.
Genoa, Venice
45
New cards
These were the primary states that unified Christian forces in Iberia to retake the Peninsula from Muslim Moors.
Aragon, Castile
46
New cards
Provide the two ethnic/religious targets of discriminatory policies in the Iberian Peninsula in 1492 & 1497.
Jewish, Muslim
47
New cards
These were the Turkic invaders that largely removed the Byzantines from Anatolia in 11th & 12th centuries.
Muslim Seljuk Turks
48
New cards
This was the oppressive tax put on non-Muslim citizens.
Jizya Tax
49
New cards
This was the oppressive âblood taxâ in which Christian boys aged 8-18 in Anatolia and the Balkans were taken, converted to Islam, and forced to serve in the military.
Deushirme Tax
50
New cards
This was the name for the pandemic that swept through Afro-Eurasia in the 14th century, killing anywhere from 35-50% of Europeans.
The Black Death
51
New cards
These were the area/centers hit hardest by the pandemic.