Unit 0 Pre-AP Euro Review

Provide three factors that led to the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Plagues, Civil Wars, Tribal Invasions

Provide three migrating and/or invading groups that disrupted and destabilized the Western Roman Empire.

Germanic, Gothic, Hunnic Tribes

This is the political and organizational hierarchy used by European kingdoms after the fall of Rome in the 5th century.

Feudalism

Provide, in order from highest class to lowest, the classes of the manorial system hierarchy (feudalism)

1. Kings

2. Lords/Nobles

3. Knights

4. Serfs/Peasants

This was the general name/blanket term for subordinate classes or subjects in the hierarchy detailed in #7.

Vassals

These were the laws & rights that granted peasants use of manorial land for sustenance, so long as labor, grain, goods, or \[rarely\] coins were paid as taxes for protection.

Common Land

Provide three major threats to European states from 700-1450 CE (one remained a threat even after 1450 CE).

Arab Caliphates, Mongol Hordes, Ottoman Empire

This was an oath of military and political loyalty to a king or lord in medieval Europe.

Fealty

This was the name of an attempted centralized empire comprised of mostly Germanic and Italian states in Central Europe from the 9th to 19th centuries.

Holy Roman Empire

Aside from Germans and Italians, this was the other ethnic group that comprised the larger states of Bohemia and Moravia in the east to the empire mentioned above.

Czech

These were the dominant unions, commissioned by city governments, which controlled urban industries and determined employment, price limits, production methods, service hours, etc.

Municipal Craft Guilds

This was the name for the major trade union started in 1368 that dominated Northern European port cities for several centuries.

Hanseatic League

Provide the two major Italian city-states that dominated Mediterranean Sea trade from the 11th-16th centuries.

Genoa, Venice

Christianity is primarily the following of the teachings and life of which historical figure?

Jesus of Nazareth

This is the establishment that emerged in the 5th century that largely determined Christian doctrine in Europe Western, Central, Northern, and parts of Southern Europe until the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.

Roman Catholic Church

This law made Christianity the official state religion of Rome in 380 CE.

Edict of Thessalonica

Provide the hierarchy of the Church, starting with the highest position.

1. Pope

2. Cardinals

3. Bishops

4. Priests

5. Deacons

6. Laity (normal ppl)

This was the strategy used by Church missionaries to convert rulers instead of individual people.

Top-down Conversion Approach

This was the term used by Christians to describe polytheistic non-Christians in Europe.

Pagans

Provide four ethnic groups that remained largely or partly unconverted to Christianity at some point from the 5th-14th centuries.

Celts, Germanic, Balts, Slavs

This was the Church’s name for opponents of orthodox Catholic beliefs.

Heretics

This was the institution formed in the 12th century to combat the rise of religious critics in Northern Italy & Switzerland and again on several other occasions throughout Europe in the following centuries.

Inquisition

This was the type of punishment generally used to humiliate, torture, and even execute the accused.

Public Punishments (Stocks, Brandings, etc)

These were the first primary separatist critics of the Catholic Church in the 12th & 13th centuries who believed, among other things, some practices of the Church were not theological but meant to extract profit from believers.

Waldensian

This was the founder of the separatist critics (Waldensian)

Peter Waldo

This was a journey in which Christians travel and pay to see, feel, touch, and/or purchase ‘sacred’ Catholic relics or sites.

Pilgrimages

These were the separatist critics from the Czech kingdoms who believed, among other things, some practices of the Church, such as opposition to clerical land holdings and wealth, were immoral.

Hussites

This was the founder of the separatist critics (Hussites)

Jan Hus

What is the name for a solar system centered around the earth?

Geocentric System

This was the mathematician who first provided a solar model in which the sun was at the center.

Nicolaus Copernicus

What is the name for a solar system centered around the sun?

Heliocentric system

This was the term for communities in the countryside that largely escaped the 14th century pandemic.

Rural Communities

This was the empire that continued the name and practices of the Roman Empire from 330 – 1453 CE.

Byzantine Empire

This was the capital of the Byzantine Empire until 1453.

Constantinople

These were the Muslim forces responsible for its capture in 1453, and remained the largest threat to Christian Europe until around the late-18th century.

Ottoman Turks

This was the event that split the Christian Church into Eastern and Western spheres in 1054 CE.

East-West Schism of 1054

This Church continued under the pope after 1054.

Western Roman Catholic Church

This Church began in 1054 and began missionary work in the Slavic territories.

Eastern Orthodox Church

This was the Christian crusade and conquest of the Iberian Peninsula that took place from roughly 1123-1492 CE.

Reconquista

This was the target location of the crusades that targeted the Holy Lands from 1096-1291 CE

Levant

This was the crusader order established in the Levant & continued in Eastern Europe until the 15th century.

Teutonic Knights

These were the Western cultural ideals preserved and recovered from North Africa and the Middle East during the crusades in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Greco-Roman

This new technology allowed written materials and books to be made & distributed much more quickly and easily in the 15th century.

Printing Press

Provide the names of the two primary Italian city-states enriched by trade communities and ties to the crusader states and other holdings in the Eastern Mediterranean from the 11th to 18th centuries.

Genoa, Venice

These were the primary states that unified Christian forces in Iberia to retake the Peninsula from Muslim Moors.

Aragon, Castile

Provide the two ethnic/religious targets of discriminatory policies in the Iberian Peninsula in 1492 & 1497.

Jewish, Muslim

These were the Turkic invaders that largely removed the Byzantines from Anatolia in 11th & 12th centuries.

Muslim Seljuk Turks

This was the oppressive tax put on non-Muslim citizens.

Jizya Tax

This was the oppressive ‘blood tax’ in which Christian boys aged 8-18 in Anatolia and the Balkans were taken, converted to Islam, and forced to serve in the military.

Deushirme Tax

This was the name for the pandemic that swept through Afro-Eurasia in the 14th century, killing anywhere from 35-50% of Europeans.

The Black Death

These were the area/centers hit hardest by the pandemic.

Urban Centers