biochem stuff i suppose

Carbon atom properties

• 4 valence electrons

• orientation of orbitals leads to bonds forming in tetrahedral arrangements around C

• Key to biology— a lot of bonds with C, H, O

Organic molecule

A molecule with carbon and hydrogen
Also may have bonds with O, P, N, S, etc.

isomer

Same molecular formula, different structure (atomic mass?)
*do not confuse w isotope: different masses

Do animal cells have cell walls?

NO

4 general types of biological macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins (polypeptides), Nucleic Acids

General formula + “naming” for carbohydrates

(CH₂O)_X
-ose (sugars) and -ase (enzymes), sacchar (sugar)

Carbon skeletons

The bases of bonded carbon atoms that are the structural “backbones” of most organic molecules

Why do isomers behave differently?

≠ Strctural arrangement means ≠ physical properties, which causes ≠ functions

hydrocarbons

Organic compounds made exclusively of C and H

Functional groups

Specific configurations of atoms that are often attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules

List the functional groups (for quiz 09/23)

Hydroxyl, Aldehyde, Keto,
Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate, Sulfhydryl

List the classes of compounds (?) (for quiz 09/23)

Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones,
Carboxylic acids, Amines, Organic phosphates, Thiols

Carbonyls vs. Ketones vs. Aldehydes

Carbonyls are the “general” R-C-R (C=O)
Aldehydes are attched to C + H: R-C-H (C=O)
Ketones attached to 2 C’s: H₃C-C-CH₃ (C=O)

hydrophobic

“water-fearing”

hydrophilic

“water-loving” Polar or charged molecules / parts of molecules that dissolve in H₂O

Polarity and solubility

Polar compounds are more hydrophilic, non-polar hydrophobic
(think chem solubility, but does not guarantee solubility)

monomer

A single unit or molecule that can bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer

dinomer

A molecule made up of two monomers joined together. It's a special case of a polymer but with only two repeating units

polymer

A large molecule composed of many repeating monomer units. Polymers can have hundreds or thousands of monomers

What is the purpose of digestion?

Food comes in the form of polymers → hydrolyze polymers into monomers → body’s cells utilize new monomers

macromolecules

Large molecules made up of many smaller units. include proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and fats

catalyst

a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction but is itself unchanged at the end of the process

enzymes

Macromolecules (usually proteins) that serve as catalysts, unused by reactions.

macromolecule size/complexity - variation relation

Many macromolecules are made from few ingredients (sequences and quantities ≠), so usually smaller macromolecules are more broadly used and larger ones are unique to species or even individuals

dehydration reaction (aka condensation?)

chemical reaction between 2 monomers that bonds them together while releasing H₂O

hydrolysis

chemical reaction that breaks down a polymer into smaller pieces, like monomers, by adding water (H₂O).

Carbohydrate class information

• (CH₂O)₂ pattern for monosaccharides

• Pentoses/hexoses: carbon skeletons usually form rings

• In aqueous solutions, usually form ring structures

polysaccharides

macromoleucules/polymers of sugars and dehydration reactions

Why can animals not digest cellulose?

Animals have no enzymes that can be used to hydrolyze glucose linkages in cellulose, so it is not a nutrient (can still benefit health)

Pie chart info from slides (?)

Most stuff is water, followed by “large molecules”
Of these molecules, most are proteins then nucleic acids

Monomer + water relation in equations

X monomers bonding makes X-1 H₂O (same ratio for hydrolysis)

Amino acids monomers, simple/complex polymers..?

S: peptide/oligopeptide, C: polypeptide

Nucleotides monomers, simple/complex polymers..?

S: Oligonucleotide, C: Nucleic acid

Monosaccharides monomers, simple/complex polymers..?

S: Oligosaccharide, C: Polysaccharide

“How to label carbons in a ring structure?”

will need to ask silber before test

How are disaccharides joined?

Disaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

Glucose + Glucose =

Maltose

Glucose + Fructose =

Sucrose

1-4 Linkage

“1- 4 Linkage = Bond forms between Carbon 1 & Carbon 4”
?? strong.
Structure of linkage can be significant (starch vs cellulose), few animals have enzymes to digest Β 1-4 linkages of cellulose

FUNCTIONS OF SUGARS (not the polysaccharide table)

• Simple sugars are short-term fuel sources for cells

• Carbon skeletons are used to make other molecules

POLYSACCHARIDE TABLE

• Animal (FS, SS): Glycogen, Chitin (exo-skeletons)

• Plant: (FS, SS): Starch, Cellulose

Hydroxyl

Alcohols, R - OH

Aldehyde

Aldehydes, –CHO. goes at the end of atom

Keto

Ketones, -CO-, double bonded to O

Carboxyl

Carboxylic acids, -COOH, do not confuse it for hydroxyl

Amino

Amines, -NH₂

Phosphate

Organic phosphates, –OPO (-⅔ charge), non-terminal

Sulfhydryl

Thiols, –SH