Anaerobes; meningococci

B. fragilis

gram negative opportunistic bacteria that has B-lactamases that confer penicillin resistance

P. melaninogenica

gram negative diagnostic mark for oral squamous sarcoma

P. melaninogenica and P. intermedia

gram negative, play a role in chronic adult periodontitis

P. denticola

gram negative, involved in periodontal disease and can lead to soft tissue infections

fusobacterium

possess potent endotoxin, normal inhabitant in oral, GI, and female genital tract

F. nucleatum

commonly found in Acute Necrotizing Ulcereativee Gingivitis (ANUG), oral infections, lung abscess, and atherosclerotic plaques

Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG)

bleeding gingiva with abrupt onset, malaise/fever, excessive salivation and foul breath typically seen in people under 35

gentle debridement, mouth rinses, antibiotics

treatment for acute necrotizing Ulcerative gingivitis

survival and replication

significance of spore forming property of Clostridium

C. Perfringens

Which organism is mainly responsible for causing gas gangrene?

C. tetani

blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters, can be neonatally transferred through umbilical cord, immunizations only treatment option

C. botulinum

block release of acetylcholine, causes paralysis of muscles, associated with infant botulism

actinomyces

part of normal flora in oral, urinogenital, and GI tract, pathogeenic after trauma (ex: extraction)

cerevicofacial actinomyces

pyogenic abscess “sulfur granules” may form, most commonly caused by A. israelii

activation of the complement system

how does the immune respond to neisseria

IgA protease and ploysaccharide capsule

virulence factors of N. meningitidis

Ig A protease

virulence factor of N. gonorrhoeae

meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

H. influenzae, Strep. pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis

bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis

through blood (hematogenous) or direct spread (i.e. surgery)

how can bacteria like neisseria meningitidis get into the CSF

colonization, invasion with IgA protease, survival though capsule, crossing blood brain barrier

how does N. menengitidis enter the CSF in a hematigenous manner

stiff calfs, can’t bend knees

kernigs sign of meningeal inflammation

stiff neck, legs fold when neck bends

bruzinski’s signs of meningeal inflammation

encephalitis

inflammation of brain parynchyma

Meningoencephalitis

inflammation of meninges and parynchyma

WBC increase

CSF cell count change with meningitis

elevated protein

CSF protein change with meningitis

low glucose

CSF glucose change with meningitis

conjugate vaccine, mask, chemoprophylaxis after close exposure

strategies for preventing meningitis

clostridium, actinomyces, lactobacillus

gram positive anaerobic bacteria

Bacteroides, prevotella,fusobacterium, porphyrromonas

gram negative anaerobic bacteria