psychopathology final exam

abnormal behavior

not typically or culturally expected behavior, impaired functioning and distress

dysfunction

breakdown of cognitive, emotional, behavioral functioning

scientist practitioner

mental health professionals that take scientific approach to clinical work

presenting problem

set of problems that patient is struggling with

prevalence

how many new cases occur in a given period

incidence

how many cases in a year period

psychosocial treatment

chronic course

symptoms last a long time, for life

episodic course

individual is likely to recover from symptoms within a few months

time limited course

disorder will improve after a short term without treatment

insidious onset

symptoms develop over long period of time

acute onset

symptoms begin suddenly

moral therapy

therapy providing opportunities for comfortable interpersonal contact

mental hygiene movement

less abuse of mental health patients, determined that people needed appropriate care

psychoanalysis

Freud, role of unconscious mind in observable behavior

behaviorism

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, role of learning and adpatation in the development of psychopathology

psychoanalytic model

theory of development and structure of personality, how disorders come about

Id

animal within people, aggression and sex, devil

ego

reality principle, ensures we act realistically

superego

our conscious and moral principles, angel

intrapsychic conflicts

conflicts in the mind that develop psych disorders

ego psychology

Anna Freud, abnormal behavior from underuse of ego

collective unconscious

wisdom passed down generations

free association

patients instructed to say whatever comes to mind

transference

patients begin to relate to therapist and see them as parental figure

psychodynamic psychotherapy

focus on affect and emotions, explore divergences from questions, identify patterns from patient, emphasis on past, focus on interpersonal relationships, emphasis on therapeutic relationship, explore patients dreams, wishes, fantasies

self actualizing

underlying assumption we can all reach out highest potential

cognitive behavioral model

combines various models to take more scientific approach to psychopathology

multidimensional integretive approach

biological, psychological, and social influences to the development of a disorder

diathesis stress model

individuals inherit tendnencies to express certain traits or behaviors in stressful conditions

gene environment correlation

tendency for people to seek out situations that can activate genetic predisposition

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

somatic ns and autonomic ns

agonist

increase activity of NT by mimicking effects

antagonist

decrease activity of NT by blocking effects

inverse agonist

produces effects that are opposite of NT

glutamate

excitatory NT, fast acting

GABA

inhibitory NT, fast acting

serotonin

5HT, regulates behavior, mood, thought processes

norepinephrine

regulates alpha and beta andrenic receptors, triggers panic

dopamine

plays role in depression and ADHD, too active in schizophrenia

equifinality

all the ways in which a disorder can develop

brain stem

automatic functions, breathing, sleeping, coordination

hindbrain

medulla, pons, cerebellum, breathing, HR, digestion

clinical assessment

evaluation of psychological, biological, and social factors contributing to presenting problem

reliability

degree to which measurement is consistent, ex. multiple practitioners provide same dx

validity

whether something measures what it’s supposed to

standardization

certain set of standards or norms for a technique to make sure it is consistent across different measurements

mental status exam

systemic observation of behavior, structured and detailed: appearance and behavior, thought process, mood and affect, intellectual functioning, sensorium

behavioral assessment

formal assessment of thoughts, behaviors, and feelings in specific contexts/situations, may be more appropriate in younger people that cannot properly explain thoughts/feelings

MMPI

empirical approach, true or false to statements, little room for interpretation but it is time consuming, lots of research on test

idiographic strategy

using individual’s personality, background, circumstances for study and treatment of disorder

nomothetic strategy

attemtping to name or classify a problem by using information about the disorder

internal validity

extent to which IV affects DV

external validity

extent to which results of study can be applied to a broader population

analogue model

controlled conditions in the lab to mimic real world

generalizability

results apply to others outside of the study

withdrawal design

determine if IV is responsible for changes in DV, take away treatment for short period

variability

range of day to day measures

panic attack

abrupt experience of intense fear and acute discomfort accompanied with physical symptoms, heart racing, dizziness, chest pain, breathing problems

behavioral inhibition system BIS

activated from danger, amygdala, asend from brainstem or desend from cortex

generalized anxiety disorder GAD

6 months of excessive anxiety and apprehensive expectation, worry about minor and major things, unable to stop, muscle tension, mental agitation, fatigue, irritability, difficulty sleeping

GAD causes

anxiety sensitivity, deem stressful events to be uncontrollable and dangerous

GAD treatment

benzodiazapines short term, antidepressants, CBT

panic control treatment PCT

expose patients to physical sensation of panic attacks and remind them they are okay

panic disorder PD

severe unexpected panic attacks, think theyre dying, avoid situations

panic disorder causes

overreact to life events, relate situation to panic and assume they will have a panic attack

panic disorder treatment

benzodiazapines, prozax, SSRIs, reality testing and exposure techniques, PCT, CBT

specific phobia

irrational fear of object or situation that interfers with daily life

blood injection injury phobia

physiological reaction to situation, runs in families, strong vasovagal response, onset 9 years

situational phobia

claustraphobia, agoraphobia, onset mid teens-mid 20s

natural environment phobia

develop fears of situations or events like heights, storms, water, onset 7 years

animal phobia

fear of animals or insects, onset 7 years

separation anxiety disorder

in children, fear aound leaving parents and that caregiver will get hurt, refuse to sleep alone or go to school

social anxiety disorder

severe performance anxiety, extensive fear of social situations

PTSD

exposure to traumatic event causes severe emotions including flashbacks, avoidance, guilt, dissociation for at least a month

PTSD treatment

face original trauma, coping mechaniams, process emotions, SSRIs, CBT

prolonged grief disorder

experience of grief for more than 12 months, intense longing for the deceased, impairment and distress

adjustment disorders

anxiety or depression after life stress, impairment and distress

attachment disorders

unwilling to bond with parent

reactive attachment disorder

child doesn’t seek out parent for care or comfort, lack of responsiveness

disinhibited social engament disorder

carelessly interacts with strangers, would accompany unknown adult anywhere

OCD

anxiety around unwanted thoughts that are relieved with performing repetative acts

types of OCD

symmetry, forbidden thoughts/actions, contamination, hoarding

OCD treatment

exposure and ritual prevention, SSRIs, psychosurgery

body dysmorphic disorder BDD

preoccupation with body image, find imperfections in physical appearance, distress and impairment

major depressive episode

most common and most severe depression disorder, extremely depressed mood for at least 2 weeks, feelings of worthlessness and indecisiveness, altered sleeping patterns, change in appetite and weight, loss of energy

mania

abnormally exaggerated elation, joy, or euphoria

hypomanic episode

less severe version of manic episode that doesn’t cause impairment, lasts 4 days

mixed features

patient experiences manic symptoms while also feeling depresssed or anxious

major depressive disorder MDD

presence of depression, no mania/hypomania, two or more major depressive episodes separated by 2 months, recurrent episodes

persisent depressive disorder

fewer depressive symptoms but depression remains unchanged over long periods, 20-30 years

double depression

persistant depression and major depressive episodes, develops at early age

MDD specifiers

psychotic, anxious distress, mixed features, melancholic, atypical, catatonic, peripartum, seasonal

seasonal affective disorder SAD

depressive pattern occurring during late fall to early spring, occurs for two years

integrated grief

evolves from acute grief, individual adjusts to loss, positive memories override loss

acute grief

natural grieving process, closely related to depression, initial reaction to the trauma

premenstrual dysphoric disorder PMDD

severe emotional reactions during premenstrual period, severe mood swings and anxiety

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

chronic irritability, anger, aggression, temper tantrums in children

bipolar II disorder

cycles of depression and hypomanic episodes, onset 19-22